کاوشی زمینه مند از برهمکنش هویت و مهاجرت در بین زنان مهاجر در شهر یزد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تغییرات هویتی و چگونگی این تغییرات، از مسائل مهم در مسیر مهاجرت است. پژوهش حاضر، کاوشی زمینه مند از برهمکنش هویت و مهاجرت در بین زنان مهاجر است. روش پژوهش، کیفی و از نظریه زمینه ای بهره گرفته شده است. مشارکت کنندگان، 21 نفر از زنان مهاجر به شهر یزد از استان های مختلف کشور بوده اند که به صورت هدفمند و به شیوه نمونه گیری نظری انتخاب شده اند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته بود و تحلیل داده ها به شیوه کدکذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی صورت گرفت. برپایه یافته ها، چگونگی واکنش های هویتی زنان مهاجر و نیز تجربه پیامدهای آن در بستر جامعه در حال گذار مقصد، متأثر از عواملی چون سطح دسترسی به امکانات و سطح تبعیض های جنسیتی در جامعه مبدأ تفاوت می پذیرد. زنان مهاجر از مبدأهای پیشرو، با داشتن هویت قوی فردی-اجتماعی و سطح مهارتی مناسب با پاسخ به تقاضای شغلی سطح بالای شهر یزد به جایگاه مطلوب اجتماعی دست می یابند. برعکس، زنان مهاجر از مبدأهایی با فرهنگ ایستا و محرومیت وسیع، بدون پشتوانه مهارتی لازم، به بازاندیشی در هویت فردی-اجتماعی دست می زنند. در نتیجه شهر در حال گذار یزد، بستر بسیار مناسب اجتماعی- شغلی برای زنان مهاجر از مبدأهای پیشرو و چالش های هویتی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی فراوان برای زنان مهاجر از مبدأهای ایستا به همراه دارد.A Contextual Exploration of the Interaction of Identity and Migration among Immigrant Women in Yazd City
Identity changes and how to change them are important issues in the migration path. The current research is a contextual exploration of the interaction of identity and migration among immigrant women. The research method is qualitative and grounded theory is used. The participants were 21 women who immigrated to Yazd city from different provinces of the country and were selected purposefully and by theoretical sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the data analysis was done using open, central, and selective coding. Based on the findings, the identity reactions of immigrant women and the experience of its consequences in the context of the transitioning society of the destination are influenced by factors such as the level of access to facilities and the level of gender discrimination in the source society. Immigrant women from progressive origins, with a strong individual-social identity and a suitable skill level, by responding to the high-level job demand of Yazd city, achieve a favorable social position. On the contrary, immigrant women from origins with a static culture and extensive deprivation, without the necessary skill support, start rethinking their individual-social identity. As a result, the transitioning city of Yazd is a very suitable socio-occupational platform for immigrant women from leading origins. While it brings a lot of identity, social and economic challenges for immigrant women from static origins.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Castels and Miller (1993) propose the feminization of immigration as one of the five main characteristics of the age of immigration. The feminization of migration refers to the increase in the presence of women in the migration process in both quantitative and qualitative terms. As they are no longer the only dependent immigrants and have an active role in this process (Sadeghi and Veldund, 2014: 56). According to the latest statistics published by the United Nations, in 2020, the proportion of immigrant women among the world's female population was 3.5% and the proportion of immigrant men among the world's male population was 3.7% (United Nation, 2022). The statistics also indicate changes in the traditional patterns of male migration in Iran and the presence of more women in intra-provincial migration flows in the country. In this regard, the share of women in Iran's immigration flows has increased from 45% in the period of 1986-1996 to 48.6% in the period of 2011-2016. Also, according to the net migration in the periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2016, Yazd province is one of the first four provinces of the country to accept immigrants and a desirable and suitable immigration destination for both sexes (Mushfaq and Khazaei, 2015:87; Mahmoudian and Mahmoudiani, 2018:60). Considering that gender in Iran still has a bold and undeniable influence in various stages of women's lives, especially in some regions of the country; This research tries to answer this question. What are the identity consequences of the different social, cultural, and economic contexts of origin and destination of migration for immigrant women?
Methods and Data
Qualitative methodology has been used in the current research. Considering the purpose of the research, which is to analyze women's interpretation of how to be present in migration flows, the best strategy for analyzing this process is the grounded theory with the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (2008). The participants in this research were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. The inclusion criteria of the participants were as follows: they must be female and have immigration experience (independent/subordinate). In the selection of samples, an effort has been made to include diversity such as women's age, marital status, literacy level, job field, and the type and reason of migration (independent-subordinate) and the diversity of the provinces of origin. In order to find reliable data, the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. In this regard, in the period from July to October 2022, with 21 women who immigrated to Yazd from different provinces of the country and the duration of their stay in this city is more than two years and they had the mentioned characteristics; the interview took place. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview.
Findings
Analyzing the data in a consistent, orderly, and continuous process led to the formation of the core category (phenomenon: desire to transition). This phenomenon includes 20 main categories, 113 sub-categories and 907 concepts. The findings showed that progressive origins, domineering families, male-centered society, poverty, and multi-layered misery played a role in the formation of the central phenomenon of the desire to transition as causal conditions. Among the personal and social characteristics of the participants, which have influenced the phenomenon and also influenced the strategies, are the categories of self-destruction and tame women. In this regard, structural and macro conditions such as the desirability of origin, repulsions of origin, marriage challenges, cultural inequality, and systematic governmental functional bias as intervening conditions have facilitated or limited the implementation of the strategy. Struggle, independence and selfishness are some of the strategies adopted by immigrant women to maintain survival. The consequences of adopting strategies include positive consequences: self-recreation, facilitating access to the destination and family growth, and negative consequences: adaptation challenges in the destination, opportunity costs, and sustainable destruction.
Conclusion and Discussion
The type of culture at the origin of migration and the level of access to facilities in the hometown play a role in creating women's personal and social skills and shape the quality of life of immigrant women in the destination. In this regard, immigrant women with skills are faster to rethink their identity in the individual and social dimensions. As a result, the destination will be a suitable platform for the flourishing of the talent of women and even their families by facilitating access to various educational, occupational and social dimensions. But women without skills and involved with many socio-economic sufferings, cannot form a timely and appropriate rethinking of their identity at the right individual level. In this way, without reaching the desired economic stability; They struggle only with suffering and helplessness, and they spread their growing internal tensions to the family and sometimes to the society. As a result, even in the new community, despite the open space and more facilities, they cannot have the necessary productivity. In this regard, it seems that immigrant women from static areas need more support, especially in economic fields, so that they can go through the path of personal and social identification more easily by reducing the pressure of life in the destination. By continuing this path, they can achieve two-way beneficial productivity for themselves and the destination society.
Acknowledgments
This Paper is taken from the master's thesis of the first author of in the field of demography, which was completed in the Faculty of Social Sciences of Yazd University. The authors would like to thank all the participating migrant women who provided data access for the research and also the respected reviewers of the paper who added to the quality improvement of the article with their correction suggestions.
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