واکاوی گفتمانی گزاره های زندگی معنوی از منظر محمدرضا حکیمی و وین دایر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از ویژگیهای عصر جدید تلاش برای جداسازی دین و دنیا از یکدیگر و اختصاص دین به حوزه ای خاص از زندگی و جایگزینی معنویت با تعریفی نوین به جای آن است.در این پژوهش نگاه الهی محمدرضا حکیمی در تقابل با دیدگاه غیر الهی وین دایر به مبانی معنویت شناختی زندگی که عبارتند از نگرش معنوی، گروش معنوی و روش معنوی، بطور مجزا بررسی شده است. در باب نگرش معنوی که عبارتند از خداباوری، راهنماشناسی و عدالت محوری ؛ حکیمی و دایر تفاوتهای مبنایی بسیاری داشته و می توان بیان کرد که نظام معنوی وین دایر، نظامی حداقلی وفردی است در حالی که جهان نگری محمدرضا حکیمی رویکردی اجتماعی و حداکثری دارد. در باب گروش معنوی ، شاید بیشترین تفاهم اندیشه را می توان برای هر دو در نظر گرفت. در باب روش معنوی هم در شیوه های سیر و سلوک و عبادت و کسب فضیلت تا حد زیادی در روش و هدف اختلاف نظر دیده می شود. در واقع دایر به یک معنویت فردی و مذهب ستیزانه اعتقاد داشته در حالی که حکیمی ابعاد فردی و اجتماعی معنویت را در هم تنیده و مذهب را اساس معنویت می داند. روش این جستار تحلیل گفتمان بر اساس شیوه ون دایک می باشد.The Discourse Analysis of Spiritual Life Zones in Wayne W. Dyer and Muhammad Reza Hakimi’s Views
One characteristic of the modern age is the attempt to separate religion from the secular world, confining it to a specific aspect of life and replacing it with a new form of spirituality. This study compared the viewpoints of Muhammad Reza Hakimi and Wayne Dyer regarding the principles of spiritual life. These principles were categorized into three branches: spiritual insight, spiritual affection, and spiritual method. In terms of spiritual insight, Hakimi and Dyer had differing beliefs about God, guidance, and justice. Dyer's monotheistic system was minimalistic, while Hakimi's system was more comprehensive. However, they shared similarities in their spiritual affection although their approaches to loving God, people, and nature differed. Furthermore, their spiritual methods and practices in worship, mystical journeys, and acquiring virtues varied. Conventional forms of worship were replaced with daily meditation in Dyer's approach, whereas Hakimi emphasized individual and social divine spirituality. Dyer advocated for individual and anti-religion spirituality, while Hakimi proposed individual and social divine spirituality. Hakimi's works primarily focused on content, whereas Dyer's works were more practical and functional in nature. The methodology employed in this study was discourse analysis based on Van Dijk's theory. Keywords: Muhammad Reza Hakimi, Spirituality, Wayne Dyer, Van Dijk, Discourse Analysis Introduction Spirituality encompasses various aspects and holds different interpretations. From a divine and Islamic perspective, spirituality represents a means of connecting with the Almighty God through faith. However, some contemporary scholars argue that spirituality can exist independently of religion. It is an inner sense of fulfillment that can be associated with perceiving life as exclusive to this world or having belief in an afterlife (Malekian, Moshtaghi, & Mahjouri, p. 276). This study aimed to explore the fundamental principles of spiritual lifestyles as depicted in the works of Muhammad Reza Hakimi, an esteemed Islamic scholar and Shia-Iranian thinker. Additionally, it examined the core elements of non-divine spirituality as presented in the works of Wayne Dyer. Muhammad Reza Hakimi (1935-2021) possesses extensive knowledge and is recognized for his scholarly contributions. His notable work, "al-Hayat," serves as a comprehensive scientific and Islamic encyclopedia, drawing references from the holy Quran and hadiths. Hakimi collaborated with his brothers, Muhammad and Ali, in compiling this significant publication (Hakimi, Al-Hayat, Vol. 9, 17). Wayne W. Dyer (1940-2015), an American writer and lecturer with a Ph.D. in psychology, gained acclaim as an exceptional lecturer in the United States in 1978. In 2011, Watkins Magazine acknowledged him as the third most influential figure in the realm of spirituality worldwide. Dyer was affectionately referred to as "the father of motivation and spirituality" by his followers (Sharifidoost, Exploration of Emerging Spiritualities, p. 95). Materials and Methods This research focused on analyzing the discourse surrounding the fundamentals of spiritual lifestyle and its characteristics in the works of Muhammad Reza Hakimi. This included examining Quranic verses, traditions, and teachings related to various aspects of Islamic human life. Additionally, the study explored the fundamentals of non-divine spiritual life as presented in the works of Wayne Dyer, who was identified as a new spiritualist. The analysis involved categorizing and comparing these principles within three broad branches: religious attitudes, religious orientation, and religious methods. Religious attitudes encompassed beliefs in God, contemplation of the afterlife, and understanding guidance. Religious orientation referred to the emotional aspects of one's personality, such as love for humanity, nature, the world, and justice. Lastly, religious methods encompassed practices of worship, cleanliness, spiritual elevation, and moral virtues. The selection of main topics aligned with the Islamic tradition of dividing the day and night into significant subtopics that corresponded to the issues discussed by Hakimi and Dyer. The methodology employed in this study was discourse analysis based on Van Dijk's linguistic approach. Van Dijk proposed a series of steps for analysis, including: 1) describing the details of the text, 2) uncovering the implied meaning within the text, 3) analyzing coherence, 4) examining word usage, 5) contrasting different elements, 6) analyzing examples and evidence, 7) assessing validity of sources, 8) analyzing the role of individuals involved, 9) identifying any ambiguities, and 10) analyzing the emphasis placed on content. (Van, Dijk,2000) Fig. 1: Spiritual lifestyle Discussion By evaluating and analyzing the fundamental spiritual approaches of Hakimi and Dyer, this study yielded several findings. These approaches encompassed religious attitudes, spiritual orientation, and spiritual methods. Religious attitudes served as the foundational and fundamental perspectives that shaped an individual's spiritual life and guided them through various life challenges. Based on the commonalities found in Hakimi and Dyer's works, religious attitudes encompassed beliefs in God, contemplation of the afterlife, and knowledge of guidance. Belief in God or theism is a central tenet in Islamic culture and other monotheistic religions. It signifies the belief in the unity of God and rejection of any forms of partnership with Him. From a practical standpoint, theism entails dedicating worship exclusively to God. It serves as a pivotal teaching in Islam and other monotheistic faiths. Spiritual orientation or approach reflected the emotional aspects of one's personality, particularly in terms of love for humanity, nature, and the world. The relationships we form with others and with nature are multifaceted and hold great significance in human life. These relationships begin within the family and home and extend to encompass a wide range of interactions with the world. Both Hakimi and Dyer analyzed branches, such as justice, ethical virtues, and love for people and nature from this perspective. Spiritual methods referred to the ways, in which individuals strived to attain spirituality in their lives. The purpose of establishing a connection with oneself and employing spiritual methods was to achieve a state of spirituality. As highlighted in the works of Hakimi and Dyer, the primary means of attaining spirituality included acts of worship, purifying the soul or refining the ego, and cultivating ethical virtues. These methods are considered prominent pathways to spiritual growth and development. Research Findings Table 1: The results of a comparative study on religious lifestyle factors in Hakimi and Dyer’s views Religious Attitude Hakimi Dyer Belief in God The full cognition of God according to Quran and tradition An instrumental viewpoint in theism category Knowing the divine guidance Considering monotheism, prophecy, and resurrection in one line and one chain Not recommending or promoting a specific Sharia law with references to prophets or their purposes Thinking about resurrection Undoubted according to Quran Not mentioned in his works Religious Lifestyle Orientation Hakimi Dyer Ethical virtues Stating that faith and right beliefs are a truth produced by the integration of mind and love Emphasizing that the one, who does not love others, does not know God Justice Knowing justice as the basis of Quranic society and lifestyle Not existing in the world, but a method to avoid responsibility throughout one’s life Love for creatures Emphasizing the pivotal role of love and friendship in reviving humans and their valuable lives All creatures having the same source, i.e., God Religious Method Hakimi Dyer Worship Specific recommendations and rituals according to God’s order Doing meditation and Yoga to obtain Peace of mind and soul Purity Reaching God’s adjacency and satisfaction Reaching “inspiration”, “observation”, and “absorption” Conclusion The results of this study obtained through discourse analysis of the fundamentals of spiritual life were as follows: In terms of religious theory and attitude, Muhammad Reza Hakimi emphasized the significance of a profound faith that encompassed a comprehensive understanding of God based on the teachings of the Quran and traditions. This faith was accompanied by heartfelt conviction, practical implementation through actions, and worship of and devotion to God in all aspects of individual and social life. On the other hand, Wayne Dyer advocated for spirituality without the confines of organized religion. He presented a concept of God that served the contemporary human and ensured attainment of personal goals. Therefore, Dyer's perspective fell under the category of instrumental theism. In terms of prophecy, since Dyer did not endorse any specific religious laws or make direct references to prophets, resurrection, or the afterlife, these elements were not explicitly observed in his works. However, Hakimi considered monotheism, prophecy, and resurrection as interconnected and integral components based on Islamic teachings. Additionally, Dyer viewed justice as an external concept and a means to evade personal responsibility, whereas Hakimi regarded justice as the core and foundation of a Quranic society and spiritual life. In terms of religious orientation and its relationship with creation, both Hakimi and Dyer shared a common understanding of love and its significance. Hakimi emphasized the pivotal role of love and friendship in revitalizing the human experience, asserting that true faith and correct beliefs emerge from the integration of intellect and love. Dyer equated the existence of God with love and perceived love as the ultimate truth of the universe, emphasizing that one, who does not love others, does not truly comprehend the essence of God. Furthermore, both Hakimi and Dyer offered numerous recommendations regarding love for all creatures and regarded fellow human beings and nature as the foundation of their belief systems. Additionally, while Dyer viewed justice as an external concept and a means to evade personal responsibility throughout life, Hakimi recognized justice as the central principle and framework of Quranic society and lifestyle. When it came to the religious methods of attaining spirituality, there were contrasting perspectives presented by Hakimi and Dyer. Hakimi extensively drew upon original Islamic texts in his books, offering profound insights and recommendations on worship and spirituality. His works delved into fundamental and essential topics, but might not sufficiently address practical and applicable methods for daily life. While Hakimi's approach demonstrated his passion and specific methodology through the interpretation of verses and traditions, Dyer focused more on practical approaches and tangible recommendations. In his works, Dyer encouraged readers to engage in a series of practical and daily recommendations, which were included at the end of each chapter. It is important to note that the terms "worshiping" and "meditation" in Dyer's works might not carry the same meanings as in Islamic texts. For Dyer, any action that an individual undertook to find even a moment of peace and tranquility could be considered an act of worship and meditation. Dyer emphasized concepts, such as "inspiration," "observation," and "absorption" as the ultimate goals and prophecies for each spiritual individual. In contrast, the goal of worship and elevation of the soul in the Islamic tradition was to attain proximity to and satisfaction from God. It is worth mentioning that both Hakimi and Dyer advocated for the promotion of ethical virtues and offered similar recommendations for individual (Dyer and Hakimi) and social (Hakimi) enhancements of ethics.
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