رفاه ذهنی مهاجران افغانستانی ساکن در شهر شیراز و عوامل مرتبط با آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این پژوهش با هدف بررسی وضعیت رفاه ذهنی مهاجران افغانستانی ساکن شهر شیراز و عوامل مرتبط با آن به صورت پیمایشی اجرا شده است. جامعه آماری این مطالعه مهاجران افغانستانی 59-15 ساله ساکن شهر شیراز بودند و با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی 380 نفر از آن ها گزینش شدند که به صورت حضوری و با ابزار پرسشنامه مورد پرسشگری قرار گرفتند. مقیاس احساس رفاه که در این پژوهش استفاده شده، حاصل تلاش سام آرام و محبوبی (1393) است. در این پژوهش، 62.2 درصد از پاسخگویان به طور متوسط و 30.8 درصد از آن ها تا حد زیادی احساس رفاه داشته اند. پس به طورکلی، رفاه ذهنی مهاجران در این تحقیق متوسط رو به بالا بوده است. همچنین یافته های تحقیق از رابطه ی جنسیت، وضعیت تاهل، وضعیت اشتغال، مدت زمان اقامت در ایران، درآمد و طبقه اقتصادی با سطح رفاه ذهنی شهروندان افغانستانی ساکن شهر شیراز حکایت دارند. نتایج نشان می دهد که احساس رفاه نسبی است و می توان گفت برداشت افراد از شرایط عینی زندگی و واقعیت های موجود، تعیین کننده ی احساس افراد درباره زندگی و کیفیت آن است که می تواند احساس خوشبختی یا بدبختی نسبت به آن را نیز شکل دهد.Subjective Well-being of Afghan Immigrants Residing in Shiraz and its Correlates
This study aimed to examine the subjective well-being of Afghan immigrants residing in Shiraz and explore the factors associated with it. The statistical population of this research comprised Afghan immigrants aged 15-59 living in Shiraz city, from which a random sample of 380 individuals was selected. Data collection involved in-person interviews and the administration of a questionnaire. The well-being scale utilized in this study was developed by Samaram and Mahboubi (2013). The findings indicate that, on average, 62.2% of the respondents reported a moderate level of well-being, while 30.8% expressed a high degree of well-being. Overall, the subjective well-being of immigrants in this research was considered average. Moreover, the results highlight the association between gender, marital status, employment status, length of stay in Iran, income, and economic class with the level of subjective well-being among Afghan citizens living in Shiraz. The perception of well-being is relative, as individuals' assessment of the objective life conditions and existing realities shape their feelings about life and its quality, consequently influencing their level of happiness or unhappiness.
Introduction
In today's modern era, alongside the citizens of each nation who strive for a satisfactory level of physical and emotional satisfaction, a significant proportion of individuals choose to emigrate from their homeland to better their circumstances and seek a more contented existence. Understanding the subjective and objective well-being of these migrants within their adopted society, as well as the factors influencing it, has become a paramount concern within the realm of social sciences in this contemporary age.
Subjective well-being encompasses a range of assessments, encompassing both positive and negative aspects, that individuals make regarding their own lives. These evaluations include thoughtful cognitive appraisals, such as satisfaction with one's life and occupation, personal interests and connections, as well as emotional responses to life experiences, such as feelings of happiness or sadness. It can be seen as mental well-being acting as a broad framework through which people evaluate various aspects of their lives, including their bodies, minds, and living conditions (Diener, 2006: 153).
It is reasonable to assume that the well-being of immigrants might decline due to challenges such as poverty, residing in unsuitable neighborhoods, heightened societal insecurity, and adverse life events such as being separated from or losing loved ones in conflicts. These factors can have a detrimental impact on multiple aspects of their overall health and pose significant obstacles to their subjective well-being.
Iran has been a longstanding host to a significant influx of immigrants over the past few decades. This study focuses on exploring the perceptions and subjective evaluations of individuals regarding their personal lives and overall well-being, taking into account individual-level factors rather than broader societal indicators. Additionally, the research aims to investigate the connection between background variables, socio-economic factors, migration-related aspects, and the subjective well-being of Afghan immigrants residing in Shiraz city.
Methods and Data
The present study falls under the category of survey research in terms of methodological approach. Data collection for this research involved in-person visits to neighborhoods and households, where a questionnaire was administered. To ensure the reliability of the subjective well-being variable, Cronbach's alpha test was employed. The alpha coefficient values for all three dimensions (needs, cognitive, and emotional) exceeded 0.8, indicating a satisfactory internal correlation among the questionnaire items. The subjective well-being variable, consisting of 54 items, demonstrated an alpha coefficient of 0.916.
For this particular study, individuals aged 15 to 59 were chosen as the target population, specifically encompassing 31,919 Afghan men and women. Given the uncertain distribution of immigrants within Shiraz city and the significant number of individuals without official identification documents, random sampling was deemed the most appropriate approach. The sampling framework relied on the list of urban areas as a basis. To gather data, the initial sampling focused on urban areas with a higher concentration of Afghan residents. By employing Cochran's formula, a minimum sample size of 380 individuals was determined. This sample size was further validated using Morgan's Table 3. Data collection, preparation, and analysis were carried out using SPSS software.
Findings
Based on the findings, the age of the participants did not exhibit a notable correlation with the subjective well-being variable. However, age demonstrated an inverse relationship with physical and mental health, which are dimensions of subjective well-being. This indicates that as individuals grow older, their self-assessment of health tends to be more negative. Moreover, as the duration of migration increases, respondents reported a decrease in their sense of well-being. In other words, the longer individuals have resided in Iran, the lower their subjective well-being. Notably, there was a significant disparity between the well-being of male and female migrants, with men reporting higher levels of well-being than women.
Significant variations in well-being were observed between unemployed and employed respondents, with the employed individuals reporting significantly higher levels of well-being compared to the unemployed. Furthermore, specific income groups exhibited notable differences in subjective well-being. Those belonging to the income groups of 4 to 6 million, 6 to 8 million, and above 8 million experienced significantly higher levels of well-being compared to individuals without income and those in the income group of 2 to 4 million. Regarding social class, distinct disparities were observed, with the upper, middle to upper, and middle classes displaying significantly higher subjective well-being compared to the lower and lower-middle classes. Additionally, subjective well-being was found to vary across marital status. Single individuals reported the highest levels of well-being, followed by married individuals, and finally, those in other relationship statuses.
The impact of five variables, namely class, gender, income, place of birth, and length of stay in Iran (representing the number of years since migration from Afghanistan), on subjective well-being is statistically significant. Among these variables, the class variable demonstrates the most substantial influence on the dependent variable, with a coefficient of -0.352. This indicates that a one-unit change in the assessment of belonging to the lower class results in a decrease of 352 thousandths of a unit in the mental well-being variable. Additionally, being male, with a coefficient of 0.309, and having an average income, with a coefficient of 0.166, contribute to an increased sense of well-being. Conversely, being born in Afghanistan, with an impact factor of 0.156, and the length of stay in Iran, with a factor of 0.146, leading to a decrease in the subjective well-being experienced by immigrants.
Conclusion and Discussion
The subjective well-being of individuals offers valuable insights into the overall quality of the social system. Furthermore, if we acknowledge that sociology aims to contribute to the development of a better society, studying mental well-being can provide valuable hints towards creating a more conducive and enjoyable social environment. Extensive research has indicated that subjective well-being significantly influences social behavior. Happier individuals tend to be more engaged citizens, exhibiting higher levels of political awareness, increased participation in voting, greater civic involvement, and a decreased tendency towards radical political views.
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