poverty

Eliminating poverty and reducing income inequality is the most difficult task of economic policy making when considered with an economic growth. Therefore, the impacts of economic growth and development on income distribution largely depend on the growth model. Thus, determining an effect of economic growth on poverty is uncertain and relies on its country's growth pattern. The basic question of this paper which we are looking for is that have economic growth and income distribution had an impact on the poverty in Iran? To respond the question, we employed fuzzy regression for analyzing the variables relationship. The article also under the fuzzy logic presents an analytical framework at the aim of appraising the relationship between poverty, income distribution and economic growth. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the economic growth and poverty, in other words the economic growth has had negative impacts on the poverty reduction in Iran. Computational results based on fuzzy logic in Iran implies that the most ideal conditions come when the economic growth is 8 percent on overage and Gini coefficient is nearly 38.5 percent.

Rural migration crisis is one of the most challenging problems in the socio-economic space of Iran. In this study, the fuzzy approach is applied to examine the effects of some variables like poverty, rural unemployment rate, the rural Gini coefficient, urban to rural wage ratio, drought situation and literacy rate on migration. In order to find the appropriate model, the Tanaka and FLSR fuzzy regression approaches are compared. The effects of the socio-economic variables on rural migration in Iran are examined during the period 1990-2018

Housing satisfies crucial needs, as shown in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Be that as it may, the Sustainable Development Goals evidently have one critical aspect missing in its 17 goals: achieving housing security for all. Goal 11 mentions urban settlement but fails to understand the concept of housing security. Over a billion people reside in slums and other informal settlements across the globe, and the number is expected to increase. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive, multidimensional, and validated instrument for measuring the extent of housing insecurity despite housing significantly impacting household’s health, economic, and psychological well-being. Methods: This study sought to apply and adopt a newly developed multidimensional household housing insecurity index (HHII), consisting of eight dimensions that respond to the lack of universally accepted measures of housing insecurity. This study used primary data with a sample size of 600 South African households collected in four types of areas in two provinces (Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal). Results: The findings indicated that merely 25% of households were deemed housing secure, in stark contrast to 75% facing varying levels of housing insecurity, from mild to severe. This concerning result highlights that, even after more than thirty years of democracy, housing remains a significant problem in South Africa. Conclusions: The study reveals that housing insecurity significantly impacts Black populations, with female heads of households in rural and informal settings facing the most severe challenges.