income distribution

In the discussions of trading, unemployment and income distribution inequality, this question is raised by economists that in economic development of developing and developed countries, which policy is necessary in the first stage. Is trading liberalization the pre-requirement of transfer from a close economy to a relative open economy and is it necessary for the developed economy compared to other policies, or after achieving an economic growth level and reduction of class difference, poverty and unemployment, the countries should start trade liberalization. By this pre-requirement, a two-stage systematic generalized method of moments technique (GMM) presented by Blundell & bond (1998) during 1991-2008 is applied to evaluate the relationship between three main indices for both groups of selected developed and developing countries. The results of study show that in both groups of countries, high production and increasing foreign direct investment provide open economy and can create employment and reduce unemployment but by increasing population growth rate, unemployment and inflation in both groups of countries, household income inequality is increased. The turning point of this study is regarding household income inequality as increased by increasing economic growth rate and control of open economy in developing counties but in developed countries, increasing economic growth rate and open economy, household income distribution is improved.  JEL Classification: C33, C36, D31, F43.

Economic justice and equitable distribution of income, along with important issues such as economic growth and development, the reduction of inflation and unemployment, have always been of concern to economists. Fair distribution of income and reduction of income inequality in society, and the identification of factors affecting income inequality to make the right policy are necessary and obvious. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of income tax on income distribution in Iran. In this regard, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach has been used to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship between variables and to estimate the coefficients related to long-run and error correction models for income inequality from 1978 to 2012. The results indicate a long-run relationship among the variables and show that an increase in income tax revenues leads to a reduction in income inequality.

Eliminating poverty and reducing income inequality is the most difficult task of economic policy making when considered with an economic growth. Therefore, the impacts of economic growth and development on income distribution largely depend on the growth model. Thus, determining an effect of economic growth on poverty is uncertain and relies on its country's growth pattern. The basic question of this paper which we are looking for is that have economic growth and income distribution had an impact on the poverty in Iran? To respond the question, we employed fuzzy regression for analyzing the variables relationship. The article also under the fuzzy logic presents an analytical framework at the aim of appraising the relationship between poverty, income distribution and economic growth. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the economic growth and poverty, in other words the economic growth has had negative impacts on the poverty reduction in Iran. Computational results based on fuzzy logic in Iran implies that the most ideal conditions come when the economic growth is 8 percent on overage and Gini coefficient is nearly 38.5 percent.

Income inequality is one of the undesirable phenomena of social life and most of the countries in the world have kept it their main goal to reduce Income inequality. This study is based on the economic impact of the doom index on the distribution of income using data from selected Islamic countries (Afghanistan, Albania, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Uganda) from 2010 to 2018, using panel data approach for variables EViews model is used. This study explains the significant effect of misery index with a coefficient of (0.057) on the Gini coefficient and shows that with a one percent increase in the misery index can increase Gini coefficient by 0.057 percent and increases the class gap in societies. It also shows that Labor productivity with a coefficient of 0.01 has a significant negative effect on the Gini coefficient, which explains the 0.01% decrease in income distribution inequality due to a 1% increase in labor productivity. Therefore, in addition to controlling inflation and unemployment, improving human resource skills, economic policymakers should use incentive mechanisms to develop exports and the effectiveness of governments to reduce the class gap in their societies.