Economic factors

The purpose of this study was to clarify and analyze the factors affecting the access of Zanjan province football teams to higher levels of national leagues in Iran. The method of this study was mixed. The research population consisted of 193 coaches and 18 members selected from chairpersons and secretaries of Zanjan province football associations. The sampling was purposive at the interview stage, but at the stage of distributing the questionnaire, given the limited number of first, second, and third-class coaches and also the limited number of chairpersons and secretaries of football associations, the samples were selected through total sampling approach and in the case of class 4 coaches, 108 subjects were chosen according to Morgan table. The research tool was only a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by 12 experts and its reliability was found to be 0.94 according to Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Binomial, and Friedman tests were used. The results of the research showed that among the general factors except for the research and education, the effect of other factors including economic, technical, facilities and equipment, managerial, psychological, social, and cultural, and among the minor factors, 22 out of 29 factors are significantly higher than the average. Considering the explained factors and investment in these factors can help the football teams in Zanjan province to promote to the higher Levels of national leagues in Iran.

This study was aimed at clarifying the position of environment and heredity in scholastic aptitude by investigating the role of family, educational, and economic factors in the scholastic aptitude of ninth-grade students. This applied study adopted a quantitative approach and a descriptive causal- comparative method in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research included all 1,234,641 students in the ninth grade of the secondary schools in Iran in the academic year of 2020–2021. The sample size contained 11790 students selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. The data were collected using a 64-question Scholastic Aptitude Test and analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as the MANOVA using the SPSS 25 software. The research results showed that among the family factors, the mother's educational level; among the educational factors, the type of school and educational assistance classes; and among the economic factors, the family income, had a significant role in the students' scholastic aptitude (P < 0.05). Moreover, the linear combination of family factors and educational factors does not have a significant role in scholastic aptitude while the linear combination of economic factors has a significant role. In general, among family, economic, and educational factors, economic factors have a more significant role in scholastic aptitude.