perceived risk

Buying online is a trend especially for young customers aged less than 30 years old. A lot of studies have been conducted to investigate this phenomenon but hitherto no cohesive model has been established. Therefore, the present study is meant to investigate online shopping factors that contribute to customers’ purchase decision. Five factors were identified to have potential influence on online purchase decision and one factor is expected to be a mediator to affect the relationship. From 384 data collected from online customers who visited popular online shopping sites, it was found that all five factors (perceived convenience, perceived risk, perceived competence, perceived benevolence, and perceived integrity) lead to trust and at the same time trust acts as a quasi mediator to affect the relationship between these factors and online purchase decision. The findings provide the actively sought after evidence to support the claims on the role of these factors in affecting online purchase decision. Online businesses should incorporate the findings in order to facilitate customers’ decision making process while visiting their websites. The websites must contain or portray all the elements as found in this study.

The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation with structural equations approach and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study includes all students of football schools in Tehran province. Cluster random sampling method was used to select the sample. The measurement tools of the present study include demographic characteristics of the participants in the study, Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry (1988) Perceived Service Quality Assessment Questionnaire, Groth (2005) Customer Behavior Questionnaire and Perceived Risk Questionnaire Carroll, Connaught, Spengler & Byon (2014). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to show the normality of data distribution and bootstrap methods and structural equations using PLS and SPSS software were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that the quality of perceived services and citizenship behavior (β = 0.852); (T = 15.549) at the level of significance (P <0.01); Indirect effect of perceived service quality and citizenship behavior through perceived risk (β = -0.027); T-statistic (T = 1.774) is at the level of significance (P <0.076). Considering that perceived risk is one of the determining elements in the acceptance and intention of students to use football schools and their citizenship behavior is one of the factors reducing this risk, it is suggested. Football school principals to increase the quality of perceived services and student citizenship behavior among their staff, coaches and customers so that they can identify different dimensions of perceived risk among their school students for better productivity. And make the necessary plans to advance marketing goals. 

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one technology that can revolutionize traditional methods and transform sports infrastructure. To promote the adoption of IoT effectively, it's vital for sports manager to understand the factors that positively and negatively affect it. The aim of this study was to investigate how perceived risk impacts people's willingness to use IoT technology in sports. This quantitative study used a survey method and applied a descriptive approach. The statistical population included Iranian athletes, and 394 individuals completed questionnaires using a non-probability sampling method. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS3 software. Results showed that perceived risk has a direct and negative impact on perceived ease of use, willingness to use, and perceived usefulness. However, its effect on attitude towards use was insignificant. The study also confirmed the positive impact of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness and attitude towards use. Perceived usefulness had a greater effect on the latter variable. Additionally, perceived usefulness had a significant positive impact on willingness to use IoT technology in sports, as did attitude towards use. Attitude towards use also had a significant positive impact on willingness to use IoT technology in sports. The study recommends implementing strategies to enhance and improve perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude towards use while reducing perceived risk to increase acceptance and willingness to use IoT technology in sports.