Aggression

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of schema-based and mindful parenting training on reducing sleep problems and aggression in children with mild autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: The research utilized a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest measurements, a control group, and a one-month follow-up. The study population consisted of 7- to 12-year-old children with mild ASD and their mothers from autism centers in Mashhad, Iran. Forty children (20 boys and 20 girls) and their mothers were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two intervention groups (schema-based and mindful parenting) and one control group. Both intervention groups received 12 weekly 90-minute training sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Aggression Questionnaire and the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS software using one-way ANOVA and covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Findings: Results showed that both schema-based and mindful parenting interventions significantly reduced sleep problems and aggression in children with mild ASD. The schema-based parenting group exhibited notable improvements in child-parent interactions and a reduction in maladaptive behaviors, while the mindful parenting group demonstrated enhanced maternal acceptance, reduced parenting stress, and improved emotional understanding of the child. Post-intervention comparisons indicated significant differences between experimental and control groups, with both interventions yielding positive impacts on sleep quality and aggressive behaviors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that schema-based and mindful parenting approaches can be effective in addressing sleep disturbances and reducing aggressive behaviors in children with mild ASD.

The reason claimed by the Government of the United States (hereinafter the US) for the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani (General Soleimani) was to prevent imminent attacks. This allegation implicitly evokes the Doctrine of "Preemptive Self-Defense". This article evaluates the US claim in the attack of General Soleimani as a preemptive self-defense through a critical analysis. The US resort to the doctrine of preemptive self-defense for the assassination lacks legal validity and is especially contrary to the provisions of the UN Charter, particularly Article (51). This assassination can be considered the illegal use of force by the US. According to the principle of prohibition on the use of force in international law practice, any premeditated attack before the beginning of armed aggression is not considered self-defense. Moreover, the US evidence in proving an imminent strike from General Soleimani is inadequate and unjustifying.

Objective : This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of Sportspersonship, competitive anger, and aggression among professional and recreational female football players in Iran. Method: Utilizing an applied, causal-comparative design, data were collected from 330 participants—150 professional players from the Iranian Women’s Premier League and 180 recreational players active in Tehran. Three validated instruments were employed: the Sportspersonship Questionnaire Vallerand and Brière (1), the Competitive Anger Scale Maxwell and Moores (2) and the Aggression Questionnaire Buss and Perry (3). statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 24. One Sample T-Test and independent t-test were used. Results : The findings of the study showed that the levels of aggression, anger, and violence in professional and recreational female soccer players are significantly higher than average. There is a significant difference between the levels of anger and violence among professional and recreational female soccer players. The results revealed that professional players exhibited significantly higher levels of competitive anger than recreational players. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of Sportspersonship. Conclusions : These findings underscore the need for targeted psychological and behavioral interventions to address competitive anger and promote ethical behavior, particularly in professional women’s football. Emphasizing Sportspersonship and ethical conduct can contribute to a healthier sporting culture and mitigate the normalization of aggressive behaviors in both competitive and recreational contexts.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a selected aerobic step training program on cardiovascular indices, maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), subcutaneous fat, anxiety, and aggression in deaf male students. Thirty deaf males with a mean age of 19–25 years, height ranging from 167 to 186.5 cm, and weight between 51 and 105 kg were randomly divided into experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The training program for the experimental group lasted for six weeks, consisting of three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes with an intensity of 80–85% of maximum heart rate (HRmax). Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure aerobic capacity, anxiety, and aggression using the aerobic step test, Spielberger’s Anxiety Inventory, and the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, respectively. Subcutaneous fat was measured using a skinfold caliper. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and covariance analysis. The results revealed a significant increase in aerobic capacity as well as a significant decrease in anxiety, aggression, and subcutaneous fat percentage following the aerobic training intervention. Overall, the findings indicate that aerobic exercise has a positive effect on aerobic capacity adaptation, body composition, anxiety reduction, and aggression control in deaf individuals.