مطالب

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain the environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations in Iran's penal code. The main question of the present article is how has environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations been considered in Iranian criminal law? To answer this main question, the loan we are trying to analyze is that environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism purposes require the protection of criminal law. The methodology of this research is to investigate the legal texts and the opinions of jurists and jurisprudents regarding the subject in terms of the subject and the objectives and the method of collecting information in a descriptive-analytical way. Accordingly, the collection of information in the form of a library and reference to databases and Internet searches of articles with a scientific degree of validity and updating will be. The data gathering tool is a snippet and database. The method of analysis in this paper will be qualitative and argumentative in this way, we examine the variables of the subject and describe and analyze the collected data in a systematic way.

Cities are prominent signs of civilization in every nation. The signs, old symbol of ideas, customs, relationships and interactions of people have played a role in the formation of cities and intertwined a set of environmental, geographic, climatic, traditional and religion combination. Historic cities in Iran are the most valuable cultural heritage that expresses the dynamism, vitality and symbol of urban life. Iconic  architecture  promotes the  identification  of  a  place,  city  or  area.  Structural, functional  and  artistic  aspects  of  architecture,  particularly  those  that  represent  unique features, attract tourists. Architectural and urbanity of ancient Iran have always attracted tourists throughout the world. These features include principles that have been manifested in the heart of the tradition. In recent decades, due to unbalanced expansion of cities and discontinuity of spatial organization, and arrival of new technologies, globalization and the space density, traditional city is far from its truth and it has created challenges for traditional urbanism and modern urbanism. Therefore, the main content of this paper includes and analyzes the commercial buildings in Tabriz bazaar and Khan Bazaar in Yazd and their effects on tourism and tourist attraction. Moreover, it represents the similarities and differences between these two places in Qajar era. Such a study appears to be essential as there is a lack of enough research in this ground. For this reason five commercial buildings in Tabriz and four others in Yazd were selected. Then an example of Tabriz and a similar sample were selected from the Yazd Bazar and similarities, differences in the tables were compared. Moreover, the mentioned places were considered from their touristy architecture perspective and their potentiality for attracting tourists The results showed that commercial building in Tabriz and Yazd did not have similar Plans. The studied places in Tabriz  have got more centralized plans and are octagonal, but in In Yazd bazaar the plans are more rectangular or roughly square. . The other difference is related to length and width proportion and there are such proportions like ( 3 to 1) and (3 to 2) and (3 to 5) for Tabriz commercial buildings and (1 to 1) and (4 to 1)  for Yazd commercial buildings. Also in aspect of their similarities, it is the ceiling structure in both vaults with brick façade. In terms of proportion, the filled  and empty spaces proportion is the same for both and they are (2 to 1), (3 to 2) and (5 to 2). From touristy architecture, the results showed that both Tabriz and Yazd enjoy various touristy architectures and have significant potentials for tourist attraction.

The current study was conducted to discover the impact of the positive assessment on Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners speaking skill and their self-efficacy. To accomplish the research, 40 Iranian females (17 to 8 years old) were selected from Shokooh Andishe Language Institute in Mashhad. A KET test which administered to determine the participants’ level of proficiency. Then, they were divided into two groups, one control group and one experimental group (each included 20 participants). Two instruments, including KET speaking test and a self-efficacy questionnaire, were administrated to both groups as pretests. The experimental group received the treatment based on the principles of positive assessment i.e. using phrases such as very good, excellent, giving small gifts, using thrilling labels and so forth. At the end of the study, the same instruments (as post-tests) were conducted to collect the required data for the analysis. To measure the statistical differences between the means of two groups, some independent samples T-tests were calculated. The results of the analyses indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group both in the case of speaking skill and self-efficacy. The findings of this research might be useful for EFL teachers and EFL learners, also they can be helpful for training programmers, institutes, and course designers.