مطالب

Economic activities in Mazandaran province have been focused on agricultural and ranch products for a long time. Farmers have always exploited water resources for their activities, but after the collapse of the traditional system, capital absorption, and changing the direction of investment, aiming a new type of production has been formed alongside this traditional method, which is based on gaining profit. The purpose of this research is to investigate and explain the role of investment growth in agriculture leading to instability in water resources in Mazandaran province. Using Schneiberg’s Treadmill of production theory, this study aims to respond to this basic question: “Why has the growth of investment in agriculture caused the instability of water resources in Mazandaran province?” In this research, a quantitative method and secondary data analysis strategy, as well as a comparative research method have been employed. The results of the study showed that investment in the main inputs of agricultural production and agricultural processing and services industries have been increased, and simultaneously, the amount of aquifers consumption in this province has increased from 791 million cubic meters in 2010 to 1377 million cubic meters in 2019. In addition, the results of the study indicate the growth in polluting water resources in Mazandaran. Overall, the results of the present study reveal that growth of investment affects the instability of water resources and therefore, Schneiberg's Production Cycle Theory is confirmed.

The main issue presented in this article, which is going to review the rights to a healthy environment and the prohibition of air pollution, in particular dust, now has become an issue that needs national solidity and regional interactions for a solution; and to enable the decrease of the pollution for the affected countries as well. Dust is a phenomenon that is the result of an environmental crisis. The absence of international rules, as well as uncertainty in states’ obligations toward each other, have complicated this crisis on the regional and international levels. The main goal of this article is first, recognizing the Customary and general principles that are existing in Iranian laws to arrange regional programs to decrease and diminish the dust phenomenon. Second, the article intends to raise sensitivity in people toward the critical and dangerous conditions of environmental pollutions. Third, it is going to lay legal and executive grounds to increase the local institutions and international organizations’ responsibilities for such issues. However, the main question in this article, with descriptive-analytical approach, is: in the absence of binding and identified international and regional obligations regarding dust, in what ways affected governments could protect the right to a healthy environment for their citizens? Based on this question, one can conclude that even though the affected governments do not maintain reciprocating conventions, the international customary law and local legal general principles of those countries conform to the governments’ obligation; and suggest that they take action against any harm, in particular, the environmental irreparable harm to their citizens.