مطالب

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on anxiety and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Method: A quasi-experimental design was used to collect pre-test, post-test and follow-up data (three months after) from treatment and control groups. The sample consisted of 30 women with breast cancer in Tehran who had a high score in anxiety after screening. They were selected based on purposive sampling and randomly placed in experimental and control groups of size 15. The experimental group received 12 sessions (50 minutes) of emotion-focused therapy (Greenberg, 2010). The control group did not receive an intervention. Data were collected using Beck Anxiety Inventory and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Breast Cancer (FACT-B) in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow up, and analyzed using mixed variance analysis. Findings: Results showed significant within and between subject differences (P<0.01) on measures of anxiety and quality of life. Emotion-focused therapy significantly reduced anxiety and increased quality of life in the treatment group relative to the control group. Moreover, post-test and follow-up levels of anxiety and quality of life differed significantly from pre-test levels, but not from each other. Conclusion: Emotion-focused therapy targeting emotional processing and expression improved [d1] regulation of clients' emotions and can be used as an appropriate intervention method to reduce anxiety and increase quality of life in women with breast cancer.

Aim: A female teacher plays multiple roles in her life as a teacher, mother, wife, etc., and her occupational dissatisfaction can override her other roles. The present study investigated the issues and challenges of female contract teachers. Method: A qualitative approach and grounded theory design were adopted in this research. The target population included all the female contract teachers of Ashkezar in Iran, and 12 participants were selected by theoretical sampling in the academic year 2021-2022. Semi-structured interviews, continued until the theoretical saturation, were used to collect data, which were then analyzed by open, axial, and selective coding and categorization. Results: The analysis led to the development of 27 sub- and 11 main categories within a paradigmatic model. The main categories encompassed causal conditions (cultural and organizational factors), core category (dissatisfaction), strategies (behavioral changes and thinking about economic alternatives), intervening environmental conditions (familial-cultural and economic-political environment), contextual conditions (financial-software and inhibitory contexts), and consequences (teacher-centered and educational consequences). Discussion: The results indicated that cultural and organizational causes engender teacher dissatisfaction. In the face of these conditions, teachers change their behaviors and think about economic alternatives, leading to teacher-centered and educational consequences. Conclusion: Female contract teachers faced many challenges that negatively influenced their efficiency and motivation and made them feel disappointed. These challenges brought about some sensible and insensible issues and intricacies. In general, this study suggests considering approaches to motivate and involve in making decisions and put the guidance and consultation of female contract teachers on the agenda.

Ilene Philipson, the Californian born sociologist and licensed psychologist, asserts that Erich Fromm is the second widely read psychoanalyst in the world standing after Freud. Fromm discusses “necrophilia”, love of death, and “biophilia”, love of life. He also studies “being mode” and “having mode”, one’s general orientation toward being a better person or toward having more, respectively. This paper is the case study of Tolstoy’s novella The death of Ivan Ilyich (1886/2009) in light of Fromm’s insights as reflected in his later works. There are two opposing views arguing if Ivan Ilyich, the protagonist, eventually changes for better or worse. Invoking Fromm’s theories, we argue that Ivan Ilyich undergoes positive changes toward the end of his life which are actualized through the protagonist’s departure from necrophilia and conversion to biophilia. In this sense, it is also argued that Ivan casts “having mode” to embrace that of “being”.