مطالب

Code-switching (CS), an alternation between two or more languages or language varieties, has long been researched in language education. A great number of studies by applied linguists have explored the reasons for, and the potential usages of code-switching in foreign language education over the past years. This study explores the perceptions of English language learners across various proficiency levels concerning teachers’ use of CS, in this case Farsi in English classrooms. It also examines the roles and functions of CS in the classroom. Fifty teachers and 105 language learners from University of Tehran Language Center (UTLC) in Tehran, Iran were involved in this study. The necessary data were obtained through questionnaires. The results suggested that the Elementary (EL) learners seem to benefit from the teachers' use of first language in class, whereas English-only classroom is preferred by Intermediate (IN) and Upper Intermediate (UI) ones. It was also revealed that maximum exposure of the learners to the target language seems necessary. The results suggest that, concerning the learners' levels (EL, IN and UI), teachers’ and learners’ Code Switching can work as a useful language teaching strategy. The findings of this study can have implications for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms and can be used by language teachers.

Applying technologies has recently caused language education to undertake influential modifications. Hence, this study tried to investigate the impact of using technology in form of multimedia on improving grammar knowledge of Iranian high school students and also examined their attitudes toward multimedia-based mode of instruction. To do so, three intact classes of lower intermediate students were randomly divided into three groups: multimedia, multimedia + textbook, and control group. After homogenizing the groups regarding their proficiency level, the pre-test was run and results indicated no significant difference. Treatment lasted for 8 sessions, during which the first experimental group was taught through using multimedia elements like cartoons, texts, and Power Point Presentation. The second group had their textbook besides multimedia, while the control group was instructed traditionally by means of the textbook. Comparing the groups’ scores on the post-test revealed the superiority of multimedia + textbook group over the other groups in their grammar test performance. The questionnaire outcomes also showed more positive tendency of the students in this group in comparison to the multimedia only group toward application of multimedia programs. Findings of this study might open a novel way to assist EFL learners to increase their grammar knowledge more successfully.

Development of science and academic knowledge has led to changes in academic language and transfer of information and knowledge. In this regard, the present study is an attempt to investigate lexico-grammaticality in academic abstracts and their full research papers in Linguistics, Chemistry and Electrical engineering papers published during 1991-2015 in academic journals from a diachronic perspective through quantitative research design. The focus of this paper is on transitivity, mood and theme analysis in the corpus according to Halliday's (1994) systemic functional linguistics model. So, all the attempts are to find the changes in abstracts and research papers of these disciplines and how they are to be positioned in different linguistic contexts over time. The results revealed that research papers employ the spectrum of possible lexical realization quite differently as compared to general English, especially concerning the use of specific lexical items. Also, the results of chi-squares of each discipline showed that there are significant differences between papers over time at .05 level of significance (.000< .05) with regard to the transitivity, mood, and theme. 

Through this paper, the need of a good friend has been discussed by taking evidence from Islamic sources. This evidence then is further reinforced through the discussion of sociological, cognitive and psychological research findings. The introduction of this paper briefly sheds light on how Islam is a complete code of life and how friends have played an important role in expanding and sustaining this code. Furthermore the introduction shortly discusses the need for friends as identified via contemporary sociological research. The main theme of the presents references from the Holy Quran and Sunnah through which the need of having and being a good friend in human life is critically explored. Lastly, conclusion of the paper sums up the discussion and presents recommendations through which the element of friendship can be effectively incorporated in one’s life.

Tarix boyu hər cəmiyyət öz zaman və məkan şərtlərinə görə həyat yaşamışdır. Yaşadıqları müddətdə həyatlarını maddi və mənəvi baxımdan inkişaf etdirməyə çalışmışlar. Hər cəmiyyət təbii olaraq, böyümək, inkişaf etmək və irəliyə getmək istəyər. Tarix boyunca bəzi cəmiyyətlərin digərlərinə nisbətən daha çox yol qət edib, iz qoyduqlarını görmək olar. Bir cəmiyyətin inkişaf edib mədəniyyət yaratması çox vacib bir mərhələdir. Heç şübhə yoxdur ki, din sivilizasiyanı zənginləşdirir və daha da gözəlləşdirir. Əlbəttə belə də deyil ki, hər bir din özü ilə bəşərin mədəniyyətinə zidd bir mədəniyyət gətirir. Əksinə hər bir din müəyyən dəyərlər yaradır və ya onları açıqlayır. İslam dininin dünya mədəniyyətindəki əvəzolunmz təsirləri vardır. Bu məqalədə elə onun bəzi təsirlərini araşdırırıq.

Mənəvi həyatı insanlara aşılayan bir mütəfəkkirdə olması vacib olan ən önəmli xüsusiyyətlərdən biri də, mütaliə, məntiq və araşdırma ilə real və virtual aləmi dəqiq tanıyıb, öz müqəddəs amallarını düzgün metodlarla xalqa çatdırmaqdır. Hətta bir müsəlmanın yalnız yüksək inanc sahibi olması və əqidəsinə sadiq qalması kifayət etmir, əqidəsini düzgün və məntiqli şəkildə mənimsəməsi, fikirlərində fəlsəfi argumentlərə əsaslanması, təfəkkür sahibi olması, uzaqgörənliyi və bütün bu dəyərləri gerçək aləmdə olduğu kimi, virtual həyatda da insanlara ən gözəl üslublarla çatdırması azru olunan istəklərdəndir.