حسن قلاوندی

This research is with a mixed approach. The study population quantitatively consisted of all Urmia’s high school principals and assistant principals (n=452). Cochran’s formula was used to determine this quantity. 204 subjects were chosen as the study sample through stratified random sampling. Qualitatively, the study population who consisted of education pundits was chosen by a purposive sampling—snowball. That is to say, 13 subjects were chosen by the theoretical saturation technique. To collect the quantitative data, a researcher-made questionnaire ensuring a face and content validity of 0.88 was developed by the experts. The qualitative data were collected according to semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was performed by two software programs—SPSS and MAXQDA. The results of the quantitative findings suggested that the challenges and obstacles to the leadership of professional learning communities are not in satisfactory condition in schools. Furthermore, the results of Friedman’s rank test indicated that the highest rank mean relates to the organizational challenges and obstacles, while the lowest rank mean was depicted by the individual challenges and barriers. According to the results of the qualitative findings, four strategies were suggested to address the challenges and obstacles to the leadership of professional learning communities as follows; organizational strategies, educational and selection strategies, cultural strategies, and leadership strategies.

Introduction: Academic enthusiasm is one of the concepts of positive psychology in educational processes, which can increase under the influence of perceived educational ethics, thinking style and academic engagement. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between perceived educational ethics and thinking styles with students' academic enthusiasm, considering the mediating role of academic conflict. Material and Methods: The research method was descriptive correlation type with structural modeling approach. The statistical population included all the students of the fourth experimental high school of public schools in the center of Maysan city in the academic year 2023-2024 in the number of 1952 people, using Cochran's formula, 281 of them were selected by stratified random sampling. To collect research data, four standard questionnaires of perceived educational ethics, thinking style, academic engagement and academic enthusiasm were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and confirmed through factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and structural equation model in SPSS and Lisrel statistical software. Results: The results showed that the relationship between perceived educational ethics and thinking styles with academic enthusiasm is positive and significant. Also, the results showed that the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between perceived educational ethics and thinking styles with academic enthusiasm is positive and significant. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is possible to use the perceived educational ethics, thinking style and academic engagement in students to increase academic enthusiasm.