تبیین رفتارهای زیست محیطی در جامعه ایران (فراتحلیل مطالعات سال های 1384-1403) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در سال های اخیر، به دلیل وجود مشکلات و بحران های محیط زیستی مثل آلودگی، کمبود منابع آبی، خشک سالی و تخریب تنوع زیستی و جانوری در ایران و جهان به بررسی تبیینی رفتارهای زیست محیطی توجه فزاینده ای شده است. این رفتارها پیچیده، وابسته به زمینه و چندوجهی هستند و نیازمند رویکردهای جامع برای درک و تبیین آن ها در جوامع مختلف است. این تحقیق در تلاش است که رفتارهای زیست محیطی را در جامعه ایران براساس مطالعات انجام شده طی سال های 1384 تا 1403 با روش فراتحلیل تبیین کند. روش تحقیق فراتحلیل است. جامعه آماری تحقیق همه مقالات معتبر علمی هستند که در سال های 1384 تا 1403 با موضوع رفتارهای زیست محیطی منتشر شده اند؛ درنهایت 54 تحقیق انتخاب و با نرم افزار CMA 2 تحلیل شدند. نتایج فراتحلیل نشان داد که متغیرهای تمایل به رفتارهای زیست محیطی، سرمایه فرهنگی، هنجارهای اجتماعی، نگرش، آگاهی و دانش زیست محیطی بیشترین تأثیر را بر رفتارهای زیست محیطی در جامعه ایرانی داشتند. اندازه اثرات ترکیبی تأثیر تمایل به رفتارهای زیست محیطی بر رفتارهای زیست محیطی معادل 57/0 و در حد زیاد بود. اندازه اثرات متغیرهای سرمایه فرهنگی (36/0)، هنجارهای اجتماعی (35/0)، نگرش زیست محیطی (33/0) و آگاهی زیست محیطی (32/0) در حد متوسط ارزیابی شد. اندازه اثرات ترکیبی تأثیر دانش زیست محیطی بر رفتارهای زیست محیطی معادل 27/0 و در حد کم است. نتایج متغیر تعدیلگر دوره زمانی نشان می دهد که آگاهی، دانش و نگرش زیست محیطی در بازه زمانی 1394-1403، به نسبت بازه زمانی 1384-1393، تأثیر بیشتری بر رفتارهای زیست محیطی در جامعه ایرانی دارند.Explanation of Environmental Behaviors in Iranian Society: A Meta-Analysis of the Studies Published during 2005-2024
Introduction The current state of environmental behavior and performance in Iran is concerning. According to the 2024 assessment of environmental sustainability indicators, Iran ranks 113 th out of 180 countries. This marks a decline from 133 rd in 2023 and 105 th in 2016. Over the past two decades, the environmental situation in Iran has deteriorated significantly, exhibiting consistently negative trends. In this study, we utilized meta-analysis to address the contradictions found in the existing research on environmental behavior, particularly in light of the increasing volume of scientific output in this field. Our aim was to synthesize previous findings and identify the key factors influencing environmental behavior. This approach will help prevent redundant research efforts and facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting environmental behavior in Iran. Materials & Methods This study employed a meta-analysis approach. The sampling frame included all studies published between 2005 and 2024 on the topic of "environmental behaviors" in reputable scientific journals indexed in the Magiran, Olom Ensani, and SID databases. The inclusion criteria for this analysis required that articles explicitly address environmental behaviors in their titles, fall within the specified time frame, utilize quantitative methods, and provide the necessary statistics for calculating effect sizes, such as correlation coefficients, sample sizes, and the direction of relationships. Initially, 152 articles related to this topic were identified. Following a review based on the relevance of the article content to environmental behaviors and the availability of data for effect size calculations, this number was refined to 54 articles for analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated that environmental behaviors had primarily been examined through the lens of social sciences, particularly sociology. There was a significant emphasis on psychological and social variables, including environmental attitudes, awareness, knowledge, values, norms, and behavioral tendencies. Among these factors, the tendency toward pro-environmental behavior exhibited the largest effect size and was identified as the strongest predictor of environmental behavior in this meta-analysis. The results further highlighted that environmental behavior was a multifaceted phenomenon influenced simultaneously by attitudes, awareness, norms, and various social and cultural contexts. Theoretical analysis of these variables framed within established theories in the field of environmental behavior revealed that the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Value-Belief-Norm Theory had the greatest empirical capacity for explaining these behaviors. Additionally, the New Environmental Paradigm was gradually shaping attitudes and behavioral tendencies within Iranian society.A significant portion of this research focused on examining how the effectiveness of various variables had evolved over time. The findings revealed that the effects sizes of variables, such as environmental attitude, awareness, and knowledge had increased markedly in the last decade (2015-2024) compared to the previous decade (2005-2014). This change suggested a greater influence of cultural, media, and educational initiatives on individuals' environmental attitudes and behaviors. This growth in effectiveness presented an opportunity as the society appeared to be more receptive to and internalizing environmental concepts. Such effectiveness could be further enhanced through targeted policymaking and interventions. While mass media and social networks were increasingly pivotal in fostering environmental awareness, the specific and influential roles of media, influencers, and digital platforms on environmental behaviors in Iran warranted empirical investigation. The findings underscored the importance of cognitive, attitudinal, and cultural components in understanding environmental behavior. They demonstrated that changing environmental behaviors could be achieved not only through punitive policies, but also through educating, awareness-raising, strengthening social capital, and fostering positive collective norms. Therefore, designing educational and cultural interventions grounded in empirical evidence could significantly enhance the environmental behaviors of Iranian citizens.
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