دین در پیش از تاریخِ آسیای غربی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
برخلاف فهم متعارف در علوم اجتماعی که مقوله دین یا آیین را در ساحت تاریخِ دوره کشاورزی و پس از آن تاریخِ دوره صنعتی بررسی می کند، تبارشناسی دین نیازمند فهم حیات بشری در معنایی وسیع تر است که در این میان باستان شناسی یکی از کلیدی ترین الگوهای معرفتی را برمی سازد. کاوش های باستان شناختی گاه به یافت اشیایی می انجامد که نشان از نمادین بودن آنها دارد که می توان گفت بر پایه باورهایی پدید آمده است. در برخی از محوطه های باستانی در آسیای غربی در دوره آغاز نوسنگی همچون محوطه چاتال هویوک در آناتولی، شیخی آباد در کرمانشاه و شماری محوطه دیگر اشیایی یافت شده است که می توان آنها را اشیایی نمادین قلمداد کرد که برای هدف ویژه ای که به احتمال آیینی و مربوط به باورمندی انسان بوده ساخته شده اند.Ritual in Western Asia at the Prehistoric Societies
The most complex issue in the transformation of human Societies is the question of Ritual. Archaeological excavations do sometimes lead to various forms of artifacts that may have symbolical implications that one premised upon beliefs and various kinds of meaning systems. In some areas of Western Asia at the onset of the Neolithic era in places such as Çatalhöyük in Anatolia, Sheykhi Abad in Kermanshah, and other settlements, one can find artifacts that have symbolic importance and are employed for religious purposes. The author employs an interpretive approach, we examine and analyze possible intentions behind the construction and functions of these symbolic objects. Keywords: Ritual; Neolithic; Totem, Western Asia, Çatalhöyük, Sheykhi Abad Introduction The most complex issue in the transformation of human Societies is the question of Ritual. Archaeological excavations do sometimes lead to various forms of artifacts that may have symbolical implications that one premised upon beliefs and various kinds of meaning systems. In some areas of Western Asia at the onset of the Neolithic era in places such as Çatalhöyük in Anatolia, Sheykhi Abad in Kermanshah, and other settlements, one can find artifacts that have symbolic importance and are employed for religious purposes. Materials & methods During the Neolithic period, symbolism and belief in the Near East intensified concurrently with the economic transformation and the need to domesticate plants and animals that required human cooperation; the symbolism went beyond the making of symbolic objects such as stone and mud sculptures, pendants, ivory beads, and the like and instead the construction of monumental buildings with special functions for the unity between the tribes became popular. A prominent example is the construction of memorial building supported by massive stone pillars in Göbekli Tepe situated in Southeast Anatolia. Klaus Schmidt and his colleagues argue that these buildings were constructed by wandering hunters-gatherers who were working together to protect their grains from wild animals such as gazelles and zebras. This probably led to forming a basic social organization of the various tribes in the area (Kleus-Dieter Linsmeier 2003; cited in Sheikh Biklo Islam 2013). Catalhoyuk Site The Catalhoyuk is located 32 km southeast of the present-day Konya and 11 km south of Çumra in Turkey.James Mellaart, the British archeologist, excavated this area which belongs to the Neolithic period (6500 to 5700 BC) (Firoozmandi 2006: 62-63).These excavations unearthed forty shrines many of which were decorated with murals, relief carvings, and bulls’ heads. These paintings show men hunting wild bulls, and also people who are dancing and performing burial rites (Firoozmandi 2006: 90).The bulls’ horns and heads in normal sizes were hung on the walls of the shrines in two or three rows (Firoozmandi 2006: 91). Sheikhiabad Site Sheikhiabad is located in Kartovij, a village in Sahneh in the province of Kermanshah. Excavations of the second trench led to the discovery of two buildings. The second building which is T-shaped and has an area of 2 by 4 meters, has thicker walls than the first building, which is 80 cm in diameter. The building is aligned along a north-south axis. On the south side, the horned head of 4 goats and the horned head of a wild sheep were very carefully implanted, and one of them had ocher flowers rubbed all over the teeth. The discovery of these 4 goats’ horned heads and that of a wild sheep along with the thicker wall had led the archeologists to name this room as the ‘Holy Room.’ Based on the bone piece of the goat or the sheep found on the floor of this building, archeologist construed that the building was constructed circa 7590 BC, which is associated with the newest settlement of Sheikhiabad where nomadic hunters lived (see Mohammadifar et al., 2011). Discussion and Result Bulls and cows had the same significant place in human life and had always been a sy
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