ترامتنیت در آیینه اسکندری امیرخسرو دهلوی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اسکندر مقدونی یکی از مشاهیری است که سرگذشت تاریخی وی در منابع ایرانی-اسلامی دستخوش تغییروتبدیل های فراوانی شده و در سالیان دراز، نوعی از آثار ادبی به نام اسکندرنامه ها را به وجود آورده است که اکنون نمونه هایی از آن ها به نظم و نثر موجود است. ازجمله این آثار می توان به آیینه اسکندری امیرخسرو دهلوی اشاره کرد که به تقلید از اسکندرنامه نظامی گنجوی سروده شده است. در این پژوهش که به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و برمبنای یادداشت برداری کتابخانه ای صورت گرفته، تلاش شده است تا انواع روابط متون در آیینه اسکندری امیرخسرو دهلوی برپایه نظریه ترامتنیت ژنت مورد بررسی و تجزیه وتحلیل قرار گیرد. پژوهش برپایه این پرسش شکل گرفت که در کتاب آیینه اسکندری دهلوی، برجسته ترین رابطه از میان انواع روابط ترامتنی نظریه ژرار ژنت کدام است؟ برای پاسخگویی به سؤال تحقیق، به بررسی متن آیینه اسکندری و مجموعه ای از روابط میان متنی آن پرداخته شد. نتایج اولیه حاکی از آن است که مهم ترین رابطه ترامتنی آیینه اسکندری بیش متنیت براساس رابطه برگرفتگی با کتاب اسکندرنامه نظامی است.Transtextuality in the Aina-ye-Eskandari by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
In the present research carried out using descriptive-analytical methodology, attempt was made to analyze the intertextual relationship between Eskandar –nāma of Nizami and Aeineh Eskandari (the Alexandrian Mirror) of Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī based on Genette’s transtextuality theory. The result of the research revealed that the most significant transtextual relationship between Eskandar –nāma of Nizami and Aeineh Eskandari is hypertextuality based on the impression relationship. In terms of intertextuality, Aeineh Eskandari was most often impressed by Eskandar –nāma explicitly and implicitly. In terms of architextuality, the main genre of both books is epical and didactic, respectively. Concerning paratextuality, the result indicated that the headings and subheadings were the same in both works with the difference that Nizami has chosen the subheadings based on the main character of the story and its events but Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī has given a summary of the story in the subheadings. Also, in terms of metatextuality, it was observed that Dehlavī has criticized Nizami’s work and rejected his theories in the chapters: Eskandar’s battle with the khagan of China, Eskandar’s making of a mirror, Eskandar’s going into the darkness, Eskandar’s prophethood, making of astrolabe, Eskandar’s life, Eskandar’s death and Eskandar’s burial place.
Introduction
Alexander the Great is one of the celebrities whose historical biography has undergone many changes and transformations in Iranian-Islamic sources; To such an extent that in most of the narratives, the element of legend has prevailed over the historical truth (Abadi et al., 2010: 28) and over the years, it has created a type of literary works called Iskandernamehs, which are now examples of They are available in prose and order.
Among these works, we can mention Amir Khosro Dehlavi's Eskandari Mirror, which was written in imitation of Ganjavi's military Iskandernama. Amir Khosro Dehlavi is one of the most influential scholars of Persian language and literature in India (Ali Mahmoudi, 1401: 199). According to most experts, he is the first person who imitated the military Khamsa. Ayane Eskandari is the fourth masnavi of the five treasures of Amir Khusro Dehlavi, a poet of the second half of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century AH (Safa, 1369: 772). Eyane Eskandari in response to Iskandarnama Nizami in 4450 verses in the year 699 AH. It is composed (ibid: 784).
1.1. Research methodology
In this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way and based on library note-taking, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze the types of text relationships in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's Eskandari mirror based on Genet's theory of transtextuality.
Discussion
The research was based on the question, which is the most prominent relationship among the types of transtextual relationships of Gerard Genette's theory in the book of Eskandari Dehlavi's mirror? In order to answer the research question, the text of Amir Khosro Dehlavi's Eskandari Mirror and a set of its inter-textual relationships were examined. The preliminary results indicate that the most important intertextual relationship of Iskandari Dehlavi's mirror is the hypertextuality based on the overlapping relationship with the book of Iskandarnameh Nizami.
Conclusion
In this research, which was written with the aim of knowing the types of text relationships in Amir Khosro Dehlavi's Eskandari mirror, these results were obtained that the narratives of this work have established a relationship with other texts and this relationship in order to create the semantic system of this work, includes all the relationships of the texts in Gerard Genet's theory of transtextuality is divided into five categories. The most important intertextual relationship between the Eysandari mirror and the Eskandranama is the hypertextuality based on the relationship of overlapping. After examining the signs and inspirations of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's Eskandari mirror system narratives from the book Iskandernameh Nizami, it was concluded that in this work there is a type of change in the volume of text and content, which is called Transformation in Genet's theory. From the point of view of quantitative Transformation analysis, it was concluded that Amir Khosro Dehlavi has reduced or increased events and content according to his taste in different parts of the Eskandari mirror system; In the meantime, the dominant approach of the quantitative torques of the Alexandrian mirror system is of the reduction type. In the Pragmatic Transformation section, the fact was revealed that despite the obvious influence of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi from Iskandernama Nizami, the poet is looking for a conscious change of some content and it is manifested through changes in the story and in the implicit anecdotes of Eskandari's mirror. Another important intertextual relationship between Iskandar's Mirror and Iskandarnama Nizami is intertextuality. From the point of view of intertextuality - which is limited to the relationship of co-presence between two or more texts - it was concluded that the influence of Iskandri's Mirror on Iskandarnama Nizami is in most cases explicit and implicit. One of the signs of explicit intertextuality in Eskandari Mirror is the poet's clear reference to Nizami Ganjavi at the beginning of the poem and at the beginning and middle of the anecdotes as the main source, as well as the mention of other narrators as other reliable sources; In addition, the presence of hints and references to parts of Alexander's biography that refer to the original hypertext; That is, Iskandarnameh is understandable, it is one of the signs of the existence of implicit intertextuality between Iskandarnameh and the Alexandrian mirror. On the basis of the relation of overtext - which refers to all general categories and categories such as types of discourses, modes of expression, and literary genres from which all texts originate - it was concluded that the interference of literary types is one of the most basic characteristics of the style of Eyna Eskandari; The atmosphere that governs the genre of this narrative is an atmosphere full of interference and mixing of epic, didactic and lyrical literary types, which can be clearly seen in Amir Khosro Dehlavi's Eskandari mirror. Based on the relationship of paratextuality - which includes elements that are placed at the threshold of the text and direct and control the reception of a text by the readers - the conclusion was reached that the narratives of Ayaneh Eskandari have different paratexts that are used to enter the world of the central text and Its focus must first pass through these entrances and thresholds; The titles of Alexander's Mirror are one of the most important types of thresholds, which both reflect the content of the story and establish the structure of the book, making the structure of these books resemble a chain whose rings are arranged along each other. In addition to the titles, Dehlavi has given explanations about the date of writing the text, the reasons and motivations for writing the book, which has a high paratextual role and importance in the preface and introduction and referring to the sources of the text of his book. Based on the relationship of metatext - which emphasizes the interpretative and critical relationships of texts - the conclusion was reached that Amir Khosro in some parts of the story to his critical interpretation of the hypertext; That is, Iskandarnama deals with the military and, in addition to criticizing the work, he disagrees with his text and issues a new opinion based on what he has heard and seen.
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