تاثیر ساختارهای مدیریتی بر عدم انطباق طرح های شهری مورد: طرح جامع و تفصیلی شهر تهران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فضای شهرها دارای ارزش های اقتصادی، فرهنگی، سیاسی و اجتماعی هستند. ارزش این فضاهای جغرافیایی تابع کاربری آن است که در طرح های توسعه شهری بر مبنای استاندارد مورد نیاز هر شهروند در سطوح محله ای، منطقه ای و شهری تعیین می گردند. از آنجائی که در مراحل مختلف یک طرح اعم از تعیین سرانه های هر کاربری، پیشنهاد، تهیه، تصویب، اجرا و نظارت، نهادهای مختلفی دخالت دارند، چالش هایی ایجاد می شود که از جمله آن ها می توان به عدم انطباق طرح های تهیه شده با طرح های فرادست و یا تغییر کاربری های مصوب اشاره کرد. فضای جغرافیایی شهر تهران به دلیل موقعیت پایتختی و مرکز اقتصادی، سیاسی و اداری در ایران همواره با توسعه فضایی مواجه بوده است. افزایش سریع جمعیت شهر تهران و توسعه فضایی شهر که از دهه 1340 شمسی شروع شده است، زمینه تدوین طرح های مربوطه را فراهم نمود. لیکن در عمل این طرح ها با دگرگونی های متعددی مواجه شد. متاخرترین طرح جامع تهیه شده برای شهر تهران، طرح جامع مصوب سال 1386 بوده است که بر مبنای آن طرح تفصیلی مصوب 1392 تهیه گردید؛ اما طرح های تفصیلی تهیه شده با طرح جامع (فرادست) انطباق ندارد و بررسی ها حاکی از دگرگونی فراوان طرح جامع دارد. بخشی از این دگرگونی های ناشی از تضادهای درونی طرح و بخشی ناشی از نگرش های متفاوت نهادهای متولی در امر تدوین طرح های مربوطه است. در همین راستا، این پژوهش به بررسی تاثیر این نهادها و ساختارهای مدیریتی بر تغییرات کاربری طرح جامع در قالب طرح تفصیلی تهران پرداخته است. این تحقیق جز تحقیقات کاربردی و از نظر روش جز تحقیقات توصیفی- تحلیلی می باشد. گردآوردی داده ها به روش اسنادی – پیمایشی انجام گرفته است. بررسی ها نشان داده است که از مجموع 61562 هکتار مساحت کل پهنه های کلان چهارگانه (G,M,R,S) طرح جامع شهر تهران، 12132 هکتار معادل 19.7 درصد کل مساحت شهر، دستخوش تغییرات پهنه بندی و عدم انطباق شده است. طبق نتایج به دست آمده در این تحقیق، نهادهای تهیه کننده طرح های تفصیلی و جامع (3.29). نهادهای تهیه کننده طرح ها، قوانین شهرسازی و مصوبات شورای عالی شهرسازی و معماری (3.25)، نهادهای بررسی کننده طرح (3.24)، مشاوران تهیه کننده طرح ها (3.22) و شرح خدمات طرح ها (3.19) بیشترین تاثیر را بر عدم انطباق طرح ها داشته اند.The Impact of Management Structures on the Non-compliance of Urban Plans; a Case Study of the Comprehensive and Detailed Plans of Tehran
The spaces of cities have cultural, economic, political and social values. The value of these geographical spaces is determined by their land use, which is defined in urban development plans based on the required standards for each citizen at neighborhood, regional, and city levels. Since different institutions are involved in the different stages of a plan, including the determination of the per capita of each user, its proposal, preparation, approval, implementation and monitoring, different challenges arise including the non-compliance of the prepared plans with the plans that are out of date or changing the approved uses. Due to its role as the capital and the economic, political, and administrative center of Iran, the geographical space of Tehran has always faced spatial development. The rapid population growth in Tehran and its spatial development, which began in the 1960s, provided the basis for the development of relevant plans. But in practice, these plans faced many changes. The most recent comprehensive plan for Tehran was approved in 2004, and the detailed plan was prepared in 2013 based on this plan. However, the prepared detailed plans do not align with the comprehensive (higher-level) plan, and investigations indicate significant alterations to the comprehensive plan. Some parts of these transformations are caused by the internal contradictions of the plan and some parts are caused by the different attitudes of the custodian institutions in the matter of drafting the relevant plans. In this regard, this research has investigated the effect of these institutions and management structures on the changes in the use of the master plan in the form of the detailed plan of Tehran. The results of the research show that the institutions that prepare detailed and comprehensive plans have the greatest influence on the non-compliance of detailed and comprehensive plans (3.29). After the organizations preparing the plans, the urban planning laws and approvals of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture (3.25), the organizations reviewing the plan (3.24), the consultants preparing the plans (3.22) and the description of the services of the plans (3.19) have had the highest effect on the non-compliance of the plans.
Research Method
This research is an applied in terms of type and is analytic-descriptive in terms of method. The method of data collection based on filed findings. In this way, by studying the related literature and documents, the extent and manner of the noncompliance of the detailed plan with the third comprehensive plan, as well as the factors and institutions affecting this non-compliance are identified and extracted, and then in the survey stage, the extent and manners are measured. The effect of these institutions and factors on the noncompliance of the detailed plan with the third comprehensive plan will be addressed through a questionnaire. The sampling method used in this study was purposive and snowball sampling, with a total of 36 participants. These participants were selected from university professors, managers and experts in the Department of Urban Planning and Architecture of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, experts from Tehran Municipality, members of the Technical Committee of the Supreme Council for Urban Planning and Architecture, and a number of experienced consulting engineers responsible for preparing comprehensive and detailed plans.
Conclusions
With the increasing complexity of urban issues, rapid population growth, and the diversity of needs and demands, cities cannot be left to evolve on their own, shaped by the interactions of various factors (such as the institutions drafting the terms of reference, the bodies responsible for preparing, reviewing, approving, implementing, and overseeing the plans, public groups and organizations, laws, regulations of the Supreme Council, and the consulting engineers drafting the plans). Hence, legal institutions have been established to govern cities. The characteristics and structure of the legal institutions governing the city are different from one country to another. In our country, this is considered in the form of preparing urban plans for cities. "Urban plans" are considered to be the most fundamental means of shaping cities based on preconceived order and plan. The necessity of preparing and implementing urban plans, especially comprehensive plans, comes from the obvious need for a mechanism to balance affairs and the necessity of spatial and physical discipline of cities; However, in the direction of operationalization and more precise and concrete planning of cities, in urban planning, detailed plans, refined plans are considered as comprehensive plans and often they should be in line with the goals of the plan. Tehran city is not an exception to this rule and following the last comprehensive plan approved in 2006, the detailed plan of the areas and the integrated plan were approved in 2012, but the investigations have shown that most of the areas of the master plan, 9 to 58 percent, have been changed by the detailed plan, considering the spatial distribution of these changes at the levels of the 22 districts of Tehran, it can be admitted with certainty that the integrated system, zoning in the comprehensive plan is completely separated and formulates the goals. The results of the research show that the institutions that prepare detailed and comprehensive plans have the greatest influence on the non-compliance of detailed and comprehensive plans (3.29). After the organizations preparing the plans, the urban planning laws and approvals of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture (3.25), the organizations reviewing the plan (3.24), the consultants preparing the plans (3.22) and the description of the services of the plans (3.19) have had the highest effect on the non-compliance of the plans. Also, the examination of the effect of each factors and institutions indicates that the institutions that prepare the plans have the greatest influence on the non-compliance of the detailed plans with the comprehensive plans followed by the institutions that prepare the plans according to the rules.
تبلیغات
