زیبایی شناسی و ترفند های هنری در غزل های نادم قیصاری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از وظایف ذاتی ادبیات، آفرینش هنر و زیبایی است. عاطفه شعری در قالب زبانی مخیّل شکل می گیرد و با موسیقی مناسب و گوشنواز، مجال تأثیر و القا پیدا می کند. به کارگیری عناصر زیبایی شناسی در شعر و دریافت عاطفه و ادراک شاعر توسط مخاطب، تأثیری بسزا در درک زیبایی شعر دارد. نادم قیصاری یکی از شاعران معاصر افغانستان است که در جامعه ادبی ایران چندان شناخته شده نیست. در این پژوهش که با هدف شناخت تمهیدات هنری و زیبایی های غزلیات «نادم قیصاری» انجام می شود، تلاش نگارندگان بر آن است تا عناصر برجسته زبانی، موسیقایی و تصویرساز در غزل های شاعر و چگونگی ارتباط و پیوند آن ها با عاطفه شعری را مورد بررسی قرار دهند. نتایج این پژوهش که به شیوه تحلیلی- توصیفی انجام می شود، بیانگر آن است که غزلیات نادم سرشار از فراهنجاری های زبانی، برجستگی های آوایی و موسیقایی، هماهنگی تصویر و عاطفه، تشبیهات بدیع، ترکیبات خاص و مضمون سازی بر پایه مفاهیم اساطیری و تاریخی است. وی با نگاهی ویژه به ظرفیّت های زبانی و اجزای مختلف تشکیل دهنده کلام، جنبه زیبایی شناسیک و هنری شعرش را برجسته کرده است.Aesthetics and Artistic Tricks in the Sonnets of Nadem Qaisari
One of the inherent tasks of literature is the creation of art and beauty Poetic emotions are produced in the form of imaginative language and with appropriate and pleasant music it finds a place to influence and inspire. The use of aesthetic elements in poetry and the audience's reception of the poet's emotions and feelings have a great impact on understanding the beauty of poetry. Nadem Qaisari is one of the contemporary Afghan poets who is not well known in the literary community of Iran. In this study, which is conducted with the aim of knowing the artistic arrangements and beauty of Nadem Qaisari's sonnets, the authors make an effort to examine the outstanding linguistic, musical and visual elements in the poet's sonnets and find out how they are related to poetic emotion. The results of this analytical-descriptive study show that Nadeem's sonnets are full of linguistic extranormatives, phonetic and musical highlights, harmony of image and emotion, original similes, special compositions and thematizations based on mythological and historical concepts. He has emphasised the aesthetic and artistic aspects of his poetry with a special view of the linguistic abilities and the different components of language.
Introduction
Literature like other art forms, is directly and intimately related to the concept of beauty and perfection and since it is presented in the form of speech, unlike other art forms, it is easier to connect with the audience and lead them to an inner conviction. Beauty is a sensual and inner matter and it is not possible to give a comprehensive definition that will be accepted by all. According to Voltaire, if a toad is asked what beauty is, it will answer, " my mate" (Voltaire, 2008: vol. 1; 79). The element of beauty is found in all phenomena of the world and understanding and receiving beauty is as old as the origin of human life on earth. Philosophers have discussed beauty since Socrates and even earlier. For Plato, beauty is synonymous with orderly and harmonious concepts and artistic work is the creation of a certain order and rule. (R.K. Ahmadi, 2016: 27). In the 17th and 18th centuries, beauty as an independent science attracted the attention of artists and art historians. "Probably Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten was the first to use the term in its new meaning" (Alai, 2014: 293) and "used the title aesthetics to denote the concept of beauty" (Casirer, 2019: 145). "Nadem Qaisari" is one of the outstanding lyricists of the last century in Afghanistan. His tendency is more towards the Iraqi and Indian ghazal style, but his poems are clearly different from those of Iraqi and Indian style poets in terms of theme, imagination, and style of expression. The aim of this study is to learn about the artistic tricks and aesthetics of the sonnets of Nadem Qaisari, a lesser-known poet in Iran, in order to understand the language, imagination, creativity, innovation, and feelings and emotions that prevail in his poems, and to grasp the significance of the literary work and the extent of the poet's knowledge of the nuances and subtleties of poetry. Therefore, after analysing his sonnets the following questions will be answered:
What elements did Nadem use to make his sonnets stand out, and how successful was he in doing so?
What is the significance of Nadem's sonnets in terms of the creation of new compositions or words, the use of old or vernacular words, syntax, music, emotion, and imagery?
1.1. Research methodology
In the present research, which was conducted with a descriptive analysis method using library resources; an attempt was made to extract the linguistic and literary elements that constitute the beauty of Nadem's poetry after studying his sonnets. Therefore, the introduction of the poet is discussed first; Then all kinds of beauty creating components in his sonnets are analyzed on both linguistic and literary levels.
Discussion
Artistic creation is the result of the auspicious union of reason and feeling. Therefore it is possible to understand and receive beauty through the lenses of reason and the senses; The beauty of the themes and the discovery of the connection between the semantic elements of the poem by the intellect and the reception of the metre and music of the poem by tastes and the senses. The beauty of poetry is the result of the harmony between linguistic and literary elements and the creation of a balance on the horizontal and vertical axes of the imagination. "The arrangement of words and combinations in the context of stanzas and verses, on the one hand, and the meaning they convey to the audience, on the other, determine the value of the poet's poetry in the eyes of the readers" (Mashhadi, 2009 : 114). Language has a whole set of organs and from the smallest to the largest unit of language, they play a role in creating communication and conveying a message in a coherent and multi-layered context. "Language is a coherent system in which each part depends on another part and the value of each unit depends on its combined state" (Najafi, 2000: 21). The artistic union of words with images, even the union of words with meaning, makes words salient and poetry beautiful. "Poetry is actually the music of words and phrases" (Shafi'i Kadkani, 2015: 239). The correct and appropriate use of sounds, words and combinations in the matter of coexistence and the complete mastery of the principles and rules that govern the syntax system of language are effective in establishing the communication and assimilation of language with the audience. Among the forms of Persian poetry, the sonnet occupies a special place because of its ability to convey emotion, poetic imagination, and influence on souls. Music is an inseparable part of ghazal and the beauty of music in the final form of poetry is so important that it must be said that "poetry is the musical expression of language" (the same: 389). The literary arts are among the other elements that make up the beauty of language and are directly related to the poet's mentality and thoughts. In fact, literary arts are "tools and aids that come to the aid of a poet or writer to transform the everyday and ordinary language into an emotional and different language" (Khalili Jahantigh, 2011: 31). Imagination is the main pillar and virtual arts and visual techniques are the essence of poetry. Like other ghazal writers, Nadem has used all kinds of images such as similes, metaphors, etc. in his poems and the quality of using images has made his sonnets unique and individual.
Conclusion
In this research, Nadem's sonnets has been studied from the point of view of aesthetic components both at the linguistic and literary levels. In the field of linguistic beauty, the sonnets stand out for phonetic extranormatives, the construction of new words, the frequent use of archaic words in the linguistic structures, the use of slang words, and the ambiguity resulting from verbal-spiritual obsessions and syntactical turns of phrase. In the field of literary beauty, studied from the point of view of musical prominence and beauty of images, the following results are noteworthy:
As for the external music, Nadem used 23 metres in 12 prosaic Bahr. The extensive use of metres in the poet's sonnets and the harmony of metre and content in conveying poetic emotions shows his mastery and full coverage of the capabilities of each metre. Among the metres used, Bahr Ramal and Hazaj are the most common metres with 32.68 and 27.42 percent respectively. In the subject of background music, exquisite rhymes and couplets that evoke more pleasant music have taken a significant share of rhymes. As for the use of refrain, more than 50% of the poet's sonnets are refrained, which shows Nadem's relationship with refrain and his familiarity with its musical role. Also, the frequency of verbal refrains is greater than that of noun refrains. The inner music of the sonnets is created by the resonance and melody of the various repetitions in the context of the words. The enhancement of music, the creation of unity in togetherness, the transmission of feelings and emotions in the rhetorical axis, and the creation of beauty in speech arise from the deliberate repetitions that the poet chooses with the knowledge of the capacity of each word in the speech. Irregular word repetitions and repeated and complete puns occur more frequently than other types of repetitions. Three frequent figures of speech-symmetry, allusion, amphibology-gave the spiritual music of the sonnets an identity and a prominent position. Meanwhile, poeticism is one of the obvious allusions and the creation of new themes from historical and mythological allusions and the refreshment of the language of poetry shows the power and the poetic genius of Nadem. The symmetry is very different from the stereotypical texture and the semantic connections between words have made the language more coherent and distinctive. From the point of view of the beauty of imagination, exquisite similes and special combinations increase the degree of association of images and the transience of sonnets, and the capacity for renewal is evident in similes
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