بررسی تطبیقی زبان و جنسیت در اشعار طاهره صفارزاده و فدوی طوقان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پیشینه مطالعات زبان و جنسیت به دهه هایی از قرن نوزدهم می رسد. هنگامی که در بستر مفاهیم نقد ادبی نو، نخستین جریان ها تحت عنوان "فمینیسم" در غرب شکل گرفت. بر مبنای نظراتی که سبک گفتار و نوشتار زنان و مردان را با یکدیگر متفاوت می داند، زبان می تواند محل بروز و ظهور عناصر جنسیتی واقع شود. بر اساس این آراء، پژوهش های متعددی در بررسی نشانگان جنسیتی زبان در آثار ادبی صورت گرفته است. از آنجایی که شعر زنان یکی از مواضع قابل تامل در بررسی تعامل زبان و جنسیت است، پژوهش حاضر که به شیوه توصیفی– تحلیلی فراهم آمده، با رویکردی تطبیقی به بررسی شاخص های جنسیتی زبان در دو سطح فکری و زبانی اشعار طاهره صفارزاده و فدوی طوقان پرداخته است تا به این پرسش ها پاسخ دهد که اولا شاخص های جنسیت چگونه و در چه سطحی در زبان شعری این شاعران بازتاب یافته و دیگر اینکه وجود عوامل مشترک فرامتنی در شعر این دو تا چه حد توانسته برآیند مشابهی در دستاوردهای پژوهش داشته باشد. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که عوامل مشترکی چون زنانگی، تاثیرپذیری هر دوی این شاعران از تحولات اجتماعی و سیاسی عصر خود، زیستن در بازه زمانی واحدی از تاریخ معاصر و نیز اثرپذیری شعر آنان از آموزه های ادبی رمانتیسم و رئالیسم، موجب شکل گیری رفتارهای جنسیتی اغلب مشابهی در زبان شعری آنان شده است.A comparative study of language and gender in the poems of Tahereh Saffarzadeh and Fadwa Tuqan
The history of language and gender studies goes back the 19th century. When the first currents under the title of "feminism" were formed in the West. Based on the opinions that consider the speaking and writing styles of women and men to be different from each other, language can be the place where gender elements appear. Based on these opinions, the present research, which is provided in a descriptive-analytical way, with a comparative approach, examines the gender indicators of language at both intellectual and linguistic levels in the poems of Tahereh Saffarzadeh and Fadwa Tuqan. is to answer these questions that, firstly, how and at what level the gender indicators are reflected in the poetic language of these poets, and secondly, to what extent the presence of common metatextual factors in the poetry of these two could have a similar result in the research achievements. The findings of the research show that common factors such as femininity, the influence of both of these poets on the social and political developments of their time, living in a single period of contemporary history, and the influence of their poetry on the literary teachings of romanticism and realism, cause the formation of gender behaviors. It is similar in their poetic language.
Extended abstract
Introduction
The masculinity of language since long ago and the role of power institutions in the comprehensive monitoring and control of cultural and social affairs of societies as well as the formation of contemporary feminist currents are among the factors that provide the basis for conducting various researches on various issues related to women, including issues related to language and gender has provided. Since literary texts represent the ideas and, in general, the discourse of their creators, by comparing these works, it is possible to find their ideological points of unity and difference in various subjects. In this regard, the present research has tried to analyze, examine and compare the poems of Tahereh Saffarzadeh (1387-1315) and Fadwa Abdul Fattah Tuqan (1917-2003), both of whom are contemporary poets and innovators of Persian and Arabic poetry, despite the linguistic and stylistic differences of these poets, to explain the gender components in their poetry. The poems of Tahereh Saffarzadeh and Fadavi Touqan, the first of which flourished in the political, social and cultural conditions of Iran and the other in the context of one of the biggest political-social events in the Islamic world, due to the presence of various metatextual factors such as: being influenced by similar political-social events, having The common indicators of femininity, Religious and belief commonalities, as well as the responsible and commitment-oriented approach to poetry and its application in order to explain human thoughts, have found the ability to be analyzed in the field of comparative studies. Saffarzadeh's poetry in the first period is often a narrative and romantic expression of the poet's life. In the second period, the poet has gone beyond his personal ego and presented a social-human point of view. Also, his poetry has a realistic approach and its language forms structures that serve to explain the poet's thoughts as best as possible. Fadavi also has a romantic approach in his first collection of poems, and in the following, he turned towards realism. In Fadwa's poetry, the events of Palestine and its occupation left a tremendous impact, and the poet describes this event with a lot of emotion and with a maternal-feminine approach in her poetry. has reflected
Research Method
This research has been prepared by looking at the opinions of experts in the field of women's studies and with the aim of explaining the interaction of language and gender in the poems of Tahereh Saffarzadeh and Fadavi Touqan. The statistical population of the current research, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical way, consists of five collections of Saffarzadeh and poems from the poetry collections of Fadavi Touqan included in his Complete collection of poems with the title Al-Amaal Kamela. In this review, evidences of the romanticism period of Saffarzadeh's poetry taken from Rahghozar-e Mahtab (The passerby of moonlight) collection are presented in order to explain the linguistic-gender approach of his poetry in this period, and further, evidences from his other collections that are more prominent in this field, such as Tanin Dar Delta (Resonance In The Plain), The second book, “Sad Va Bazovan”(Dam and Arms), "Mardan-e Monhani" ) Corbed Men (and “safar Panjom” )The Fifth Journey( have been presented in order to express the difference in the poet's perspective, and his new ideas compared to Fadavi Tuqan's poems. In the analysis of the poems of Fadwa's first period, the most evidence is given from his first poetry collection entitled "Wahdi Ma' Alayam" which represents his romantic approach and in the analysis of his second period or his realistic poetry from various collections, especially "AL Lail va AL Forsan" (The Night and the Braves( which is Gender is used more prominently.
3.Discussion
One of the most prominent aspects of Saffarzadeh and Fadwa Tuqan's poetry is the inclusion of gender elements that are expressed on two levels of language and poetic themes. In other words, the gender indicators of the language in the poetry of each of them are highlighted in different types; Because feminine and maternal emotions, which can be seen on both linguistic and content levels, and of course in the second period of their poetry, are more prominent in Fadwa's poetry; Also, in topics such as the oppression of women, which can be seen in Saffarzadeh's poetry against various manifestations of patriarchy and in Fadavi's poetry against the occupiers. In the poetry of both of them, there are also some indicators of female writing, such as the extensive use of words derived from the female gender, such as "fetus", "womb" and the like, which are highlighted next to maternal emotions; and also in the extensive use of vocabulary in describing various topics and concepts; As can be seen in a poem entitled "Anshuda al-Sirura" by Fadwa describing Palestinian children and also in "Asheghaneh" by Saffarzadeh describing the emotions and inner feelings of the poet. In their poetry, some dominant gender actions can be seen, among which, some behaviours originate from the female gender of these actions; Because feminine and maternal emotions that have been expressed in topics such as various aspects of parenting. And some other actions that are not inherently feminine, but are often gendered behaviours and issues and the result of society's social approach. The latter group has also been introduced in the current research as the gender components of the language of these poets; Such as grudge and complaint, supplication and prayer, hair loss and the like, although they are common titles, but in the poetry of these poets, they are highlighted as female actions. In addition to what was mentioned, in the poetry of Saffarzadeh and Tuqan, the poet is always seen in conflict; With the difference that Saffarzadeh's struggle with various manifestations is the patriarchal phenomenon of societies, and Fadwa's struggle is with the bitter reality of the occupation of his land, Palestine.
4- Conclusion
The results of the research show that the gender dominant approach can be seen with differences in both the content and linguistic levels of these poets' poetry. This issue is manifested in the first period of Fadwa's poetry with the predominance of romantic emotions and sentiments, and in Saffarzadeh, in addition to that, in anti-traditionalism and anti-masculinity. In the second period of Fadwa Tuqan's poetry, the centrality of the issue of Palestine and its territorial and national events caused the most important gender elements of his poetry to appear on a wide level of feminine and maternal emotions; While in Saffarzadeh's poetry, this feature is highlighted in the interaction with the intellectual-social foundations of the poet in confronting the phenomenon of patriarchy and its various manifestations such as gender schemas, male domination, women's mistrust of laws and their vulnerability. In the poetry of both of these poets, the category of femininity has crystallized in various forms along with the understanding of motherhood and has affected other poetic elements; Nevertheless, in Fadwa's poetry, female and maternal emotions have been reflected more broadly compared to Saffarzadeh's poetry. In Saffarzadeh's poetry, the image of a man is an objective, concrete and real image, which in the first period is in contrast with the poet and in the next stage, in accordance with the images of patriarchal society and laws. In Fadavi, a man has a real and objective image in each period. Also, one of the most prominent gender indicators in Safarzadeh's poetry is conflict, which is manifested in various types of poet's conflict with misogynistic and patriarchal approaches of laws and societies; But this feature is seen in Fadwa's poetry in a different way and in the conflict with the occupiers of his homeland, which does not have a gender aspect. In addition to what was mentioned, in the poetry of both of them, some gender actions have also been manifested in a variety of feminine and maternal behaviours.
5-References<br />Abu Mahboob, A. (2014). <em>The structure of the Persian language</em>, fifth edition, Tehran: press of Mitra.
Bagheri, M. (1998). <em>Introduction to Linguistics</em>, second edition, Tehran: Qatre.<br />Barkat, B. (2016). “Femininity of writing: an introdu ction to the methodology of language and gender ratio”, Persian language and Iranian dialects, second year, first period, serial number 3, pp. 23-39.
Bahrami Nazarabadi, N. Hadipour, H. (2017). “The effect of gender identity on the interpretation of the text”, <em>Women's Research Journal</em>, pp.1-14.
Nameless, (2009). <em>Feminism and feminist knowledge</em>. Translators: Abbas Yazdani, Behrouz Jandaghi, Sarvirastar Rahmid Reza Hosni, second edition, Qom: Office of Women's Studies and Research.
Halliday, M. Hassan, R. (2015). Language, context and text, translated by Mojtabi Manshizadeh and Tahereh Ishani, second edition, Tehran: Scientific Publications.
Hojjat Elah, O .A. (2022) . “Forugh and Simin”,Willing to Breek the Sunnah, <em>Journal of Lyrical Literature Researches</em>, 20<sup>th</sup> volume, number 29,pp.45-64.<br />Hosseini, M.( 2019). <em>The Roots of Misogyny in Iranian Classical Literature</em>, Fifth Edition, Tehran: Cheshme.
Hosseini, Sh. S. (2015). language and gender in the novel "Zakira al-Jasad" written by Ahlam Mostaghanami, <em>Women's Research Journal</em>, 7th year, 3rd issue, pp. 45-17. <br />Jolly, A. (2019) . <em>Unveiled: Understanding Language and Gender</em>. first edition, Tehran: Qasede Sera. <br />Likaf, R. T. (2019). <em>Language and the position of women</em>, translated by Maryam Khodadadi and Yaser Pourasmail, first edition, Tehran: Aghaz.<br />Mardani, A. Taheri, S. al-D.(2019). “Searching for signs of female writing in Kermanj three-stones”, <em>Women in Culture and Art</em>, Volume 12, Number 1, pp. 1-17.
Molier Agin, S. (2013). <em>Woman from the perspective of Western political philosophy</em>, first edition, Tehran: Qaseida Sera. <br />Moqdadi, Bahram, 2013, Encyclopedia of Literary Criticism from Plato to Today, first edition, Tehran: Cheshme.<br />Navvabinejad, Sh.( 2006). <em>Psychology of women</em>, third edition, Tehran, Alam Publishing.
Payandeh, H.(2017). <em>Literary Theory and Criticism</em>, first edition, Tehran: Samt organization. <br />Rezaei, A. Khorrami, R. Ataullahi, M.( 2013). “Analysis of revolutionary poems in Diwan Fadwa Tuqan and Tahereh Saffarzadeh”, <em>Arabic Literary Criticism Research Journal, </em>Volume 3, Number 2, (Series 2), pp. 109-132.
Robatam, Sh.( 2008). <em>Women in Struggle (Feminism and Social Action)</em>, second edition, Tehran: Shirazeh Publishing and Research.<br />Saffarzadeh, T.( 2007). <em>Rahgozar Mahtab</em>, 5th edition, Tehran: Art of Awakening.<br />Saffarzadeh, T.( 2007). Sed and Bazovan, 4th edition, Tehran: Art of Awakening.
Saffarzadeh, T. (1970). <em>Tanin Dar Delta</em>, first edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.<br />Saffarzadeh, T. (2007). <em>Curved men</em>, second edition, Tehran: Bidari art.<br />Saffarzadeh, T. (1977). <em>fifth journey</em>, second edition, Tehran: Hekmat.<br />Tuqan, F. (1993). <em>Al-Kamalla Poetical Works</em>, first edition, Beirut, Al-Mossah Al-Arabiya for Education and Publishing.<br />Zarghani, M.( 201). <em>Contemporary Poetry of Iran</em>, 5th edition, Tehran: Nashthalth.<br /> <br />
تبلیغات
