احسان سلیمی

Financial markets are one of the most fundamental markets in any country. In the financial markets, the securities market and the foreign exchange market are sensitive sectors. These two markets are affected by fluctuations and economic cycles so reflect economic changes rapidly. Changes in the returns of one market due to arbitrage conditions during time lead to changes in the returns of other markets. This paper by dividing the spillover effect into two parts, mean effect and volatility effect, employing DCC-GARCH method, aimed to capture the spillover effects of dollar return, global market and Iran financial market in the period 1394-1398. Mean conditional results show that stock returns react negatively to dollar returns. In other words, there is a substitution between dollar returns and stock returns among economic agents. For the global economy, the stock market returns decreases with the fluctuations of the global economy index, but for the dollar, the relationship is reversed so that increase in the global economy index volatility increases the dollar return. For the volatility spillover, the results also supported strong spillover between each market pairs.

Among the common crimes and deviations in virtual social networks, the crime of verbal abuse (insult) against women is the most prevalent and common. Some characteristics of social networks, such as the remoteness of communication, being virtual and intangible, the possibility of anonymity, are effective in explaining the high number of these crimes. These features give criminals the opportunity to excuse their actions with ease and lessen the twinge in their conscience. However, the main source of women's victimization should be found in the human interactions of cyber space and not its structure. Criminals sometimes justify their behavior by denying responsibility or denying injury and sometimes with the thought that the victim deserves the crime. This article tries to reveal the cause and manner of verbal abuse against women in Telegram social network. For this purpose, the analysis has been built upon the methods of a criminological theory known as the theory of "neutralization techniques". The data was collected through observation and indirect interview and the method used to analyze this data is descriptive-analytical. The findings of this research indicate that in the case of the slightest unusual behavior of a female user, she faces more and more severe reactions than in the same case for a man. Regarding their abusive behavior, they consider the virtual and intangible nature of the injuries or the guilt of the victim to be enough to neutralize their conscience.

Harassment-based crimes targeting the spiritual integrity of victims are among the most numerous and varied offenses in cyberspace, ,which can be categorized under the general title of harassment in cyberspace. According to the unique properties and meta-variables of information and communication technology, the rate of harassment crime in cyberspace is more than that of real space. This study, a descriptive-analytical meta-analysis, aims to critically examine personality-based crimes and harassment in cyberspace. It seeks to identify the types of crimes, the characteristics of the victims, and the criminal profiles of the offenders. Findings reveal that these crimes are predominantly perpetrated by young men with diverse motivations, particularly of a sexual nature, targeting teenage girls. Based on these findings, it is recommended that legislators adopt a differential and aggravated approach to criminalize harassment against women and children. Additionally, addressing the role and needs of victims in crime responses is crucial. Furthermore, identifying and criminalizing emerging personality-based behaviors, balancing crime platform filtering, adopting participatory criminal policies involving non-governmental organizations, empowering users with preventive oversight and technical measures, and enhancing media literacy and cultural norm-setting are essential strategies for combating personality-based crimes.