تحلیل جنسیتی حمایت عاطفی فرزندان بزرگسال و والدین از یکدیگر در شهر تهران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با توجه به اهمیت روابط نسلی و جنسیتی، در این مقاله به تحلیل جنسیتی حمایت عاطفی میان فرزندان بزرگسال و والدین پرداخته ایم. جامعه آماری پیمایش، افراد 18 سال و بالاتر شهر تهران بوده و 1000 نفر از 30 حوزه به شیوه خوشه ای چندمرحله ای، انتخاب شده اند. یافته ها نشان داده که در حمایت عاطفی والدین و فرزندان بزرگسال از یکدیگر، تفاوت های جنسیتی وجود دارد. به طوری که حمایت عاطفی پدران و مادران از دختران بیش از پسران و حمایت عاطفی مادران از دختران بیش از حمایت عاطفی پدران از دختران بوده است. در صورت طلاق والدین، حمایت عاطفی پدران از فرزندان کمتر از حمایت عاطفی مادران گزارش شده است. همچنین حمایت عاطفی دختران از پدران و مادران بیش از حمایت عاطفی پسران از پدران و مادران و حمایت عاطفی دختران از مادران بیش از پدران بوده است. حمایت عاطفی دختران و پسران از پدران در صورت طلاق و تضاد والدین، کاهش می یابد. به طور کلی می توان گفت که مادران پیوندهای عاطفی بیشتری با فرزندان خود و به ویژه با دختران خود دارند و در طلاق و تضاد والدین، روابط فرزندان بزرگسال با والدین و به ویژه با پدر، تضعیف می گردد. تقویت پیوندهای عاطفی پدران با فرزندان و تلاش والدین در راستای پایداری زندگی زناشویی پیشنهاد می شود.Gender Analysis of Emotional Support of Adult Children and Parents to Each Other in Tehran
Considering the importance of generational and gender relations, in this article, we have investigated the gender analysis of emotional support between adult children and parents. The statistical population of this research is people aged 18 years and above in Tehran and were selected 1000 people from 30 districts in a multi-stage cluster method. The findings show that there are gender differences in the emotional support of parents and adult children to each other. So the fathers and mothers supported girls more than boys, and mothers’s emotional support from girls was more than fathers’. In the case of parents' divorce, fathers' emotional support was reported to be less than that of mothers. In addition, girls' emotional support from fathers and mothers was more than boys' emotional support from fathers and mothers, and girls' emotional support from mothers was more than that from fathers. Girls' and boys' emotional support from their fathers decreased in the case of parents’ divorce and conflict. In general, it can be said that mothers have more emotional ties with their children, especially with their daughters, and in divorce and parental conflict, adult children's relationships with their parents, especially with their father, are weakened. It is suggested to strengthen the emotional ties of fathers with their children and the efforts of parents in order to maintain the stability of married life.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The relationship between parents and adult children has different dimensions. oOne of the most important of which is emotional relationships. Research on emotional relationships in the family is of particular importance. In recent years, although changes have been observed in some areas such as marriage and fertility, the trend of other aspects related to the family, such as the quantity and quality of relationships between children and parents, is controversial (Grundy & Shelton, 2001). It is mainly assumed that intergenerational relations are weakening, but different from this claim, Dykstra and Komter (2006) showed that the description of family structure is not simply possible and should not be focused only on individual reproductive behavior and the relationship between generations (children, parents, and grandparents) should be considered. In studiesy on the emotional relationships between adult children and parents, some researchers have found gender differences and have reported more positive quality in women's relationships (mothers and daughters) (Rossi & Rossi, 1990; Fingerman, 2001; Proulx & Helms, 2008; Campbell et al, 1984). Adult children's relationship with their fathers, especially when the father is separated from the mother, is weakened or may be almost destroyed (Fingerman et al. 2012).
In Iran, there is a positive attitude towards the family, but the change in the emotional life, generational difference, and sometimes generational conflict are from results of some researches (Saroukhani and Sedaghati, 2010; Panahi, 2004; Azad-Aramki et al., 2010; Yousefi, 2013; Danesh et al., 2014). Our knowledge about the relationship between adult children and parents in Iran is limited. These relationships become more important in the lack of government services to provide various resources. The social security system and government services in Iran have a weak performance in supporting the elderly and resolvinge their various needs, as well as investing in the important events of young people's lives, including their education, marriage, and employment (Hesari, 2017). According to the research results and the importance of emotional relationships, the basic question is whether there is a gender differences in the emotional support of adult children and parents to each other.? In the analysis of gender differences in the emotional support of parents and adult children, the theories of intergenerational solidarity, gender socialization, ambivalence theory, and exchange theory can be used. Therefore, there are assumed gender differences in the fathers’ and mothers’ emotional support from girls and boys and gender differences in the girls’ and boys’ emotional support from fathers and mothers.
Methods and Data
This study is descriptive and explanatory with quantitative method and cross-sectional survey technique. The data was extracted from the project entitled "Study on Adult Children Relationship with their Parents: Contact, Support, and Obligation" in 2018 with a questionnaire. The statistical population is people aged 18 years and above in Tehran and 1000 samples from 30 districts of Tehran were selected in a multi-stage cluster method.
Findings
The average mothers’ emotional support was more than that of fathers, and girls had received more support from fathers and mothers, especially from mothers. If the parents had a conflict, the girls’ and boys’ emotional support wais less lower and this negative relationship wais more higher in the emotional support fromobserved regarding fathers. If the parents are were separated, the girls’ and boys’ emotional support wasis lesslower, and this negative relationship wais more higher in emotional support fromregarding fathers. The most negative relationship was observed in the sons’ support from fathers. Boys' emotional support wais significantly higher than from mothers who lived alone. Fathers’ and mothers’ emotional support from girls and especially the mothers’ emotional support from girls has been higher more significantly. Fathers and mothers emotional support who live alone has no significant relationship with their emotional support from sons and daughters. In the case of parents' divorce, fathers' emotional support from daughters and sons was less significantly.
Conclusion and Discussion
In general, there are gender differences in the emotional support between parents and adult children.Mothers have more emotional ties with theirchildren, especially with their daughters, and in divorce and parental conflict, adult children's relationships with their parents, especially with their fathers, are weakened.
Regarding the effect of support and emotional relationships on the quality of life and various dimensions of mental and physical health, especially for parents, which was mentioned in some studies (Onayli, 2010; Mandemakers & Dykstra, 2008; Greene, 1990), emotional support is less from fathers can have negative consequences in their mental and physical health. Since, according to the findings of this research, emotional support from parents, especially fathers, decreases in marital conflict and parental divorce, efforts to strengthen the family can, by increasing intergenerational support for fathers, reduce the negative consequences of the lack of emotional support in terms of their quality of life and mental and physical health. This research finding revealed another dimension of the positive consequences of family consolidation, which is the emotional support of parents, especially fathers. In this direction and in order to strengthen the emotional relationships between parents and adult children, it is suggested to strengthen the relationship between fathers and children, especially with sons, the lack of tension and marital conflict between parents, and efforts to maintain marital life. Considering the findings of this research and considering the lack of conceptual studies and lived experience in the field of why there are gender differences in emotional support for parents, it is suggested that qualitative studies be conducted with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of gender differences in emotional support between parents and adult children.
Acknowledgments
This article is extracted from the project approved by the National Institute for Population Research, titled "Study on Adult Children's Relationships with Parents: Contact, Support, and Obligation", and thanks are hereby given of material and spiritual support of the institute.
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