بررسی تطبیقی تصویرپردازی ها از بهشت به مثابه باغ و مرغزار در ادیان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
زندگی در این جهان همواره محدودیت هایی داشته که با طبع ما انسان ها ناسازگار بوده است. محدودیت در زمان-مکان، منابع، توانایی، تلذذ، دیگر انسان ها، از جانب خدا، جامعه، فرهنگ، خانواده، بدن، جنسیت و عمر (فناپذیری و مرگ)، همگی موجب رنج بوده اند و در مواجهه با چنین وضعیت نامطلوبی، انسان ها در ساحت ذهن یا به الهام و تجربه، زیست جهان دیگری را به تصویر کشیده یا دریافته اند که به نحوی فارغ از این محدودیت ها و دامنه اراده و قدرت انسان در آن، بسی فراخ تر بوده است. از چنین زیست جهانی تعبیر به «بهشت» می شود. این بهشت می تواند در ابتدای جهان (عصر زرین اولیه)، در انتهای تاریخ (بهشت آخرت شناختی)، ایدئالی فرهنگی-تمدنی (مدینه فاضله) یا محقق شدنی در ساحت روح یا درون (رهایی یا سعادت روحی) باشد. یکی از جهان شمول ترین تصویرپردازی ها در این زمینه، بهشت به مثابه باغ یا مرغزار پر نعمت بوده است. در این تحقیق تلاش شده است تا به صورتی مقایسه ای و با تکیه بر توصیف و تحلیل مضامین مربوطه، تصویرپردازی ها از بهشت به مثابه باغ و مرغزار بررسی شود. تمایز، وفور، نامیرایی و تندرستی، آزادی، صلح فراگیر و رابطه نزدیک بین انسان و حقیقت قدسی، از مضامین بالنسبه مشترکی است که برای بهشت به مثابه باغ و مرغزار برشمرده می شود.A Comparative Study of Imaging Heaven as Paradise and Meadow in Religions
Life in this world has always had limitations that were incompatible with our human nature. Limitations in time-space, resources, ability, pleasure, other human beings, from God, society, culture, family, body, gender, and life (mortality and death), all have caused suffering. Facing such an unfavorable situation, humans in the mind field, either by inspiration and experience, have depicted or realized the life of another world, which somehow, regardless of these limitations and the scope of human will and power in it, was very vast. Such a universal life is interpreted as "paradise". This paradise can be at the beginning of the world (early golden age), at the end of history (apocalyptic paradise), a cultural-civilized ideal (Utopia) or it can be realized in the realm of the soul or inside (liberation or spiritual bliss). One of the most universal images in this field is heaven as a garden or meadow full of blessings. In this research, we try to compare images of heaven as gardens and meadows (fields) based on the description and analysis of relevant themes. Distinction, abundance, immortality and well-being, freedom, universal peace, and the close relationship between man and the holy truth are among the common themes that are counted as gardens and meadows for heaven.
Keywords: Heaven
Paradise, Bliss, Immortality, Peace.
Introduction
Paradise is a concept that has always captivated human imagination, appearing in various forms throughout cultural history as an idealized and sought-after place. This idealized vision of paradise is evident in religious texts, philosophical discourse, literary works, and artistic representations. The concept of paradise encompasses multiple dimensions that can be manifested in the earthly realm and transcended into the afterlife. Throughout history, the depiction of paradise has evolved, with ancient civilizations seeking to envision it and future generations describing it in various ways, both temporary and eternal. In addition to the spiritual and metaphysical aspects of paradise, its portrayal also extends to geographical features and landscapes. For instance, paradise is often likened to a garden, a verdant oasis, a lush meadow, or a vibrant field of colors. In this research, we aim to explore the following two research questions:
1) What are the examples in the myths and teachings of diverse cultures and religions that depict paradise as a garden or a green field?
2) What common themes and characteristics can be identified in these descriptions across different cultural and religious contexts?
Materials and Methods
The study aims to describe and analyze the themes found in the literature of various nations using authentic sources, focusing on the main themes from a phenomenological perspective. Currently, there is a lack of comparative studies in Persian literature on this topic, with existing research limited to specific religions and independent issues.
Research Findings
Based on the examples mentioned and the descriptions derived from the religious beliefs and myths of various nations and cultures, common themes can be observed in all these depictions. These themes revolve around the fundamental needs of human beings in terms of emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of life. These depictions often portray an idealized image of a past golden age or a promising future, serving to make the challenges of everyday life more bearable by providing a sense of purpose and hope. The recurring themes in these narratives reflect enduring human desires, evoking a sense of nostalgia and longing. Common themes include the longing for a utopian world, abundance and freedom, growth and immortality, universal peace, purity, and divine presence.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
Buddha said that being is real and suffering is real. This is neither an abstract principle nor a religious dogma, but the result of phenomenology, one of the important elements in the life of the world and human history: The unfavorable situation we are in. In response to this difficult situation, in the religions and myths of different nations, a kind of opposite situation has been depicted, which is devoid of pain, loss and dePublicationion, unlike the biological world where suffering is inevitable as the dominant element. This state is interpreted as a heavenly state. This situation can be described as historical or meta-historical, sometimes it is something that has or will be realized externally, and sometimes it refers to an internal, spiritual, or intellectual state. Its external realization can be attributed to the beginning of time and the golden age of the past, and it can imply an earthly or extraterrestrial future. When heaven is represented in the framework of geographical categories, it is depicted based on familiar patterns that have the capacity to reflect the requirements of the heavenly state. The harvest garden and green meadows are among the common patterns that appear in almost most cultures. Based on this image-creating model, the geography of heaven is considered to have characteristics that are included in this fundamental structure. Differentiation and otherness, abundance and abundance and lack of need, lordship and joy, growth and health and immortality, peace and purity, and companionship with the sacred space, have a close relationship with the image of heaven as a garden and a meadow.
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