اخلاق نقلی وحیانی به مثابه «میزان» برای اخلاق فلسفی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از مهم ترین ویژگی ها و امتیازات رویکرد «اخلاق وحیانی نقلی» در مقابل «اخلاق فلسفی عقلی» میزان بودنِ اخلاق نقلی برای حکمت عملی است. پژوهش پیشِ رو جوانب این مسئله را به روش تحلیلی اسنادی بررسی کرده است. مکتب اخلاق وحیانی، موازین خود را در دو قالب «آموزه های اخلاقی» و «پیشوایان معصوم» ارائه داده است. در یک نگاه کلان، کلّیت مکتب اخلاق فلسفی با موازین اخلاق وحیانی، همسویی دارد و نگاه کسانی که در این ساحت دچار افراط یا تفریط شده اند، پذیرفته نیست. در یک نگاه جزئی و تفصیلی، برخی مسائل مطرح در اخلاق فلسفی از موازین اخلاق وحیانی فاصله دارد و به همین دلیل، در حکمت عملی اسلامی به آن توجه نمی شود. آداب شراب خوردن و نگاه درجه دوم به بردگان و همچنین به جنس زن در نظام اخلاقی افلاطون و ارسطو و نیز نظریه اشتراک زنان، فرزندان و اموال یا نظریه اختصاص فضیلت اخلاقی به طبقات مرفّه جامعه، برخی از مصادیقی است که در نسخه یونانی از حکمت عملی مطرح بوده است؛ اما به دلیل مطابقت نداشتن با موازین اخلاق نقلی، در حکمت عملی اسلامی دنبال نشده اند. همچنین، باید توجه داشت «نسبتِ توزینی» که اخلاق برخاسته از آموزه های وحیانی با مکتب اخلاق فلسفی برقرار می کند، به ضمیمه اندیشه همسویی وحی و عقل در اخلاق، در شکل گیری رویکرد اخلاق تلفیقی در کنار دو رویکرد اخلاق فلسفی و اخلاق نقلی مؤثر بوده است.Revealed Narrative Morality as Scale for Philosophical Morality
In contrast to ‘philosophical morality’, one of the most important features and advantages of the approach of ‘revealed-narrative morality’ is that the revealed-narrative morality is the measure of practical wisdom. In this regard, the present study investigates the aspects of this issue using an analytical-documentary method. The revealed-narrative morality school has presented its standards and scales in two formats: ethical teachings and innocent leaders. In a broad view, the school of philosophical morality is aligned with the scales and standards of revealed morality in general, and the view of those who have gone to excesses or extremes in this field is unacceptable. In particular, some issues raised in philosophical ethics are far from the scales of revealed morality, and for this reason, they are not considered in Islamic practical wisdom. Some examples are the manners of drinking wine, considering slaves as second-rate people, viewing women as viewed in the moral system of Plato and Aristotle, the theory of sharing properties with children, and the theory of assigning moral virtue to the prosperous classes of the society. Although they are discussed in the Greek version of practical wisdom, due to the non-compliance with the scales of narrative morality, they are overlooked and not followed in Islamic practical wisdom. It should also be noted that the ‘balancing ratio’ which is established between revealed-based narrative morality and the school of philosophical morality, and also the alignment of revelation and reason in ethics, have been very effective in forming the two approaches of philosophical and narrative ethics into a unified ethical approach. Keywords: Narrative Morality, Philosophical Morality, Scale of the Law, Unified Morality, Practical Wisdom. Introduction ‘Revelation-narrative ethics’ and ‘philosophical-rational ethics’ are two important approaches in the heritage of Islamic ethical knowledge. The difference between these two approaches is due to the difference in the views of their masters. That is, if a scholar adjusts his moral system based on practical wisdom, which is a branch of Islamic philosophy, he has actually created a work in the approach of philosophical ethics. And if a moral system is set up with the center of religious teachings, i.e. Quranic moral verses and narratives, such a system has a narrative approach and is placed in the field of revealed and proverbial ethics. What is intended in this research is to examine the aspects of the way the revealed ethics approach is the measure for the school of philosophical ethics. Few scientific studies have been carried out so far about the school of revealed ethics and its place in the heritage and system of Islamic ethics. In addition, paying attention to the irreplaceable and important role that narrative ethics plays as a ‘measure’ in the validation of the school of philosophical ethics is the innovative aspect of this study and clarifies the necessity of conducting such studies. Materials and Methods The present research, using an analytical-documentary method, examined the aspects of the question of how the revealed ethics is the measure and scale for the school of philosophical ethics. For this purpose, firstly, Muslim philosophers’ views of revealed teachings were studied. Then, parts of the works of practical wisdom and philosophical ethics, which pay more attention to the question of the measurement of the Sharia and the morals derived from it, were investigated. By analyzing them, the Muslim philosophers’ respectful views of narrative ethics as the measure of philosophical ethics have been deduced. Next, using the analytical-documentary method, examples of the details of issues, which were mainly raised before the Islamic period in philosophical ethics and were not compatible with the measures and standards of narrative ethics, were examined. Then, the views and approaches of Muslim philosophers towards these specific examples have been analyzed and criticized. Research Findings In line with the great Islamic philosophers’ point of view, the revealed moral teachings are in the ultimate perfection and strength. The revealed ethics approach is a measure and scale for the school of philosophical ethics. ‘The scale of law’ and ‘moral ethic’ derived from it can be used in two areas to measure philosophical ethics. First, in a broad view, the totality of philosophical ethics (before considering the details raised in it) can be measured by the scale of law. After the correctness of the whole approach of philosophical ethics, based on the scale of law, in the second phase, the details of the ethical issues raised in practical wisdom are measured with a partial and exemplary view based on the scale of moral ethics. Discussion of Results and Conclusion Various clarifications and emphasis of Muslim sages on the rule of ‘being revealed morality as a measure’ in practical wisdom show their respectful view of the religious law as the governing scale for the teachings of practical wisdom. This view happens in the path of growth and prosperity of Islamic practical wisdom. It is possible to measure philosophical ethics according to the scale of law, both on small and large scales. In a general view, the totality of philosophical ethics is in harmony with the scale of law. However, in the position of judging the totality of philosophical ethics, some scholars do not consider the scale of law, and because of excessive textualism, they have deprived themselves of the scientific heritage of practical wisdom. On the other hand, a group of them, due to excessive rationalism, has suffered from excesses regarding revealed ethics.In the second area, after proving, based on the scale of law, the soundness and correctness of the general approach of philosophical ethics have been assessed. Next, based on the scale of moral ethics, the details of ethical issues raised in practical wisdom are investigated. In this partial and illustrative view, some issues raised in philosophical ethics are not in accordance with the measure of revealed ethics and are not approved by it. The manners of drinking wine, considering slaves as second-rate people, viewing women as viewed in the moral system of Plato and Aristotle, the theory of sharing properties with children, and the theory of assigning moral virtue to the prosperous classes of the society are some examples that, although have been discussed in the Greek version of practical wisdom, these cases do not correspond to the scales of revealed-Islamic ethics. For this reason, they were not mentioned in the Islamic tradition from the beginning, or if they were included in Islamic works according to the Greek wisdom, they, have been removed from the legacy of Islamic practical wisdom. Observing the scales of revealed ethics by Muslim sages was as effective in removing non-conforming cases as it was in increasing the teachings recommended by moral ethics, which had no place in Greek wisdom. Finally, the fundamental views of practical wisdom on religious law as a measure and scale, along with the idea of the alignment of revelation and reason in ethics, have paved the way for using the moral teachings of religious law in the legacy of philosophical ethics. This practice has gradually taken shape and resulted in an integrated ethical approach.
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