تحلیل روش ها و رویکردها در الهیات تطبیقی جدید (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
الهیات تطبیقی جدید، شاخه ای از الهیات معاصر مسیحی است که نگاهی متفاوت به «دیگری دینی» و الهیات سایر ادیان دارد. این گرایش درصدد است با نگاهی تطبیقی و مقایسه ای، مقوله های ایمانی را بررسی، بازخوانی و بازتفسیر کند و فهم عمیقی به ایمان دینی ببخشد. الهیات تطبیقی با تنوع رویکردی مواجه است و این تنوع باعث طرح مسئله در نوع روش پرداختن به این الهیات و اتخاذ موضع مناسب در مواجهه با «دیگری دینی» شده است. سه رویکرد تاریخی، اعتقادی و فرااعتقادی را می توان در این الهیات شناسایی کرد که تفاوت هایی در روش و هدف با یکدیگر دارند. رویکرد تاریخی، مطالعه چگونگی شکل گیری دگرگونی های الهیاتی در بستری از روابط بین دینی به نحو تاریخی است. رویکرد اعتقادی راهی برای تعمیق یا غنی سازی حقیقت ایمانی است که در یک سنت خاص آشکار شده و رویکرد فرااعتقادی وسیله ای برای دستیابی به درکی جهان شمول تر از حقیقت دینی است؛ اما با وجود این، همپوشانی میان این دو رویکرد در برخی آثار الهیات تطبیقی دیده می شود. در این پژوهش، به بازشناسی رویکردهای عمده در الهیات تطبیقی و بیان تفاوت و چالش های این رویکردها پرداخته شده و این نتیجه حاصل است که می توان به ترکیبی سازنده از رویکرد اعتقادی و فرااعتقادی اندیشید و از هر دو توأمان بهره برد. روش پژوهش این مطالعه، توصیفی تحلیلی است.New Comparative Theology: Introduction and Analysis of Methods and Approaches
The new comparative theology is a branch of contemporary Christian theology that takes a different view of the ‘religious other’ and the theology of other religions. This tendency seeks to explore, re-read, and reinterpret the categories of faith with a comparative view, and to give a deep understanding of religious faith. Comparative theology faces a variety of approaches, and this diversity itself has raised the issue of the type of approach to this theology and the adoption of an appropriate position despite the ‘religious other’. Historical, confessional, and meta-confessional approaches can be identified in this theology that differ in method and purpose. The historical approach is the study of how theological transformations are formed in the context of interfaith relations in a historical way. The confessional approach is a way of deepening or enriching the truth of faith manifested in a particular tradition. The meta-confessional approach is a way of achieving a more universal understanding of religious truth. The main objective of the present study is to introduce and analyze the diversity of approaches in the new comparative theology and to examine which approach to comparative theology is successful. Keywords: Comparative Theology, Confessional Approach, Meta-confessional Approach, Interreligious Dialogue. Introduction We live in a world that is full of diversity, and this diversity and plurality creates different types of identities and breaks the boundaries of human identity or makes it more colorful than before. Encountering and being influenced by other religions is inevitable. In the contemporary era and Christian theology, a branch called ‘New Comparative Theology’ has been formulated, whose goal and mission is to deepen religious faith through learning from ‘religious other’. Relying on its own religious tradition, comparative theology is committed to learning from other religions in a deep way through the process of ‘adaptive’ work. According to historical considerations, the term ‘comparative theology’ has been used in various ways, which can be divided into three types based on the purpose of comparative study. There is a claim that contemporary comparative theology possesses a more humble approach than old comparative theology and does not use the comparative method to defend or prove the superiority of Christianity. However, it pays attention to other religions with an empathetic view. Therefore, the key goal of comparative theology is to enrich or improve one's own understanding of a particular religion or a theological truth. Comparative theology aims to have a new vision in the process of encountering another religion, to rebuild its theological ideas with a creative insight through dialogue with others and studying the theology and sacred text of other religions. While the comparative study of religions still pursues impartial targets in scientific understanding, comparative theology embraces its normative goal. Comparative theology is typically faced with a diversity of approaches, and this diversity itself causes a problem in the way of dealing with this theology and adopting a suitable position in facing the ‘religious other’. Reflecting the recognition of this issue in the works of comparative theologians gives a more realistic analysis of the research conducted in this field. Materials and Methods The main issue of this research is to introduce and analyze the variety of approaches in the new comparative theology and examine the issue of which comparative theology approach is more successful. Familiarity with the approaches of comparative theology will be effective in the way Muslim theologians interact and face each other and understand the works published using the method of comparative theology. Research Findings By delving into the academic works of comparative theologians, three general approaches in comparative theology can be enumerated: 1) Historical approach, 2) confessional approach, and 3) meta-confessional approach. There are controversies regarding the choice of approaches and methods in comparative theology, especially when the goal of comparative theology is to learn from the teachings of other religions. Considering the difference in choosing approaches in comparative theology, it can be said that the new Christian comparative theology is different from the new Islamic comparative theology if it is realized. Although confessional and meta-confessional comparative theology show two different concepts of meaning and purpose in comparative theology, in practice there is a correlation between them, and a clear border cannot be drawn between them. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Meta-confessional comparative theologians who intend or claim to transcend the boundaries of any religion are, consciously or unconsciously, largely shaped by the conceptual or symbolic framework of a particular religion. Confessional comparative theologians sometimes expand the boundaries of their religious traditions to understand other religions. Therefore, the universal concept of comparative theology can be applied to both confessional and meta-confessional types, since confessional theologians may sometimes find themselves temporarily among various religious traditions. In this way, the meta-confessional approach is practically a supplement and a continuation of the confessional approach, and it can finally be concluded that in comparative theology, there can be a constructive interaction between the confessional and meta-confessional theology.
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