درهم تنیدگی های ساخت اجتماعی جنسیت و مهاجرت های مستقل بین المللی زنان ایرانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این پژوهش به مطالعه ی درهم تنیدگی های ساخت اجتماعی جنسیت در مهاجرت های مستقل بین المللی زنان ایرانی، براساس پارادایم تفسیری و روش شناسی کیفی پرداخته است. روش مورد استفاده نظریه ی زمینه ای و جامعه ی مورد مطالعه زنان مهاجر مستقل ایرانی ساکن در کشورهای توسعه یافته ی غربی بوده است. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها مصاحبه ی عمیق و نمونه گیری با روش گلوله برفی و به صورت نظری و هدفمند بوده که بعد از 15 مصاحبه اشباع نظری حاصل شده است. مطابق با تحلیل ها و یافته های پژوهش، مقوله ی هسته «زن بودگی و انسداد» احصا شده و شرایط سبب ساز حاکم بر آن «مردسالاری، زن و احساس ناامنی، محدودیت های جنسیت بنیان، کلیشه های جنسیتی و طرد اجتماعی زنان» بوده اند. نتایج حاکی است که در بستر برهم کنش های زمینه ی اجتماعی و عوامل مداخله گر، تقابل عاملیت زنانه با ساختارهای مردانه در ایران، راهبرد این دسته از زنان را مهاجرت به فراسوی مرزها رقم زده است؛ محیطی که به زعم زنان مهاجر مستقل، گشایش انسدادهای مترتب بر زنانگی و خودشکوفائی خویش را در آن جستجو می کرده اند. یافته های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که فرایند مهاجرت زنان درهم تنیده با جنسیت به عنوان سازه ای اجتماعی فرهنگی است.The Intertwining of Social Construction of Gender and Iranian Women's Independent International Migrations
In this research, the study of gender in Iranian women's international migrations has been studied in the interpretive paradigm and the qualitative methodology of Grounded Theory. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with independent immigrant Iranian women living in Western developed countries, using snowball sampling. Theoretical saturation was reached after 15 interviews. The core category was 'femininity and closure' and the causal conditions governing the core category were 'patriarchy, women and feelings of insecurity, gender restrictions, gender stereotypes and social exclusion of women'. The participants' strategy against the core category was "liberation from institutionalized patriarchy". The findings show that the social context and the intervening factors, shaped the confrontation between female agency with male structures in Iran, which influenced women’s migration strategy. The women migrated to seek more opportunities for their femininity and self-realization. The research findings indicate that gender as a social and cultural construct is closely linked to women's migration process. IntroductionIran has witnessed a significant increase in the share of women migrants since 2015. However, migration studies in Iran, have largely overlooked the growing and independent participation of women in these movements. This research aims to answer the following question: what are the conditions and platforms that enable independent international migration among Iranian women? Method and dataThis study used a qualitative approach and collected data through in-depth interview technique and grounded theory technique. The study participants were Iranian women who migrated independently and resided in developed western countries. The data collection was done using semi-structured in-depth interview and non-probability purposive sampling based on snowball method. FindingsThrough continuous comparison of the data, 523 quotations were extracted. 106 concepts or open codes emerged from these quotations in the open coding stage. After reviewing the data and comparing the concepts repeatedly, 14 categories were extracted. These categories were categorized as causal conditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategy and consequence in the central and selective coding stages. The main categories of the research are shown in Table 1.Table 1: The categories extracted from qualitative data analysisThe Nature of categoriesThe main categoriesCore category Casual condition Patriarchy Femininity and closure Woman and insecurityGender stereotypesGender-based deprivationsSocial exclusion of women Contextual conditionthe instability of Iran's general situationideological hegemonylack of meritocracyacademic inefficiencyIntervening conditionsimmigration networkUniversity as launch padStrategyliberation from institutionalized patriarchyConsequencedisembedded and migration Conclusion and DiscussionThe findings indicate that female gender, along with economic, political and ideological categories, as well as dissatisfaction with the administrative system and the academic institution, influenced the migration and disembedding process of these women.In their narratives, most of these independent women migrants to Western industrialized countries have talked about the prominent role of categories associated with female gender in shaping their migration. These categories have been identified under the headings of patriarchy, women and the sense of insecurity, gender-related stereotypes, gender-based deprivation and social exclusion of women, which, together with economic and political instability, ideological hegemony, lack of meritocracy and dissatisfaction with the institution of the university, motivated these women to migrate to Western developed countries.The migration network, as the communication links with abroad, and the university platform as an environment that introduces people to the outside world and its facilities and opportunities, also facilitated their migration. In other words, the confrontation of female agency with male structures under the influence of background conditions and intervening factors led to the migration of the participants, which can be called "emergency-based selection" or "forced selection".Based on the results of this study, to reduce the outflow of women's migration, it is recommended that the political institutions should try to weaken the patriarchal system that dominates the various domains of women's lives. They should also create the conditions for the participation and recognition of more women in different sectors of society and reduce the gender gap in the country. AcknowledgmentsThis article is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author in the field of sociology, completed at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences of Shiraz University. The authors appreciate the participants in the interviews of the research and the anonymous reviewers of the present paper for their constructive feedbacks.
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