توسعه شاخص های طراحی مبلمان شهری ملهم از طبیعت؛ نمونه موردی: نیمکت های خیابانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بشریت در دوران حیات خود ارتباط تنگاتنگی با طبیعت داشته است اما طی دهه های اخیر، به واسطه گسترش شهرنشینی تعامل انسان با طبیعت بسیار محدود شده است. پیامد چنین گسستی، از دست رفتن قدردانی و حمایت مردم از طبیعت است. در این پژوهش، این گسست از منظر دو تئوری مهم انقراض تجربه و بایوفیلیا مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و معیارهای طراحی بایوفیلیک برای کاهش این گسست تعاملی میان انسان و طبیعت مورد بررسی واقع شده است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی شاخص های طراحی مبلمان شهری مبتنی بر الهام از طبیعت در طراحی بایوفیلیک، موثر بر کاهش گسست تعامل شهروندان با طبیعت می باشد. متدولوژی این پژوهش توصیفی ( علی- مقایسه ای) و از نوع کیفی است. روش جمع آوری اطلاعات، روش کتابخانه ای برای بررسی پژوهش های پیشین با هدف ادراک مولفه های موثر بر نوع طراحی، بوده است. پس از مطالعه و دسته بندی عناصر طراحی دخیل در رویکرد الهام از طبیعت، شاخص های طراحی این رویکرد استخراج گردید. برای درک میزان اثر بخشی حضور این عناصر، دو نیمکت خیابانی که یکی با حضور این عناصر و دیگری بدون آن ها طراحی شده اند در پرسشنامه تصویری مورد سوال واقع شد. دویست و بیست پرسشنامه در جامعه نمونه که منطقه شش تهران بوده است، توزیع شد. نتایج نشان می دهد حضور عناصر الهام از طبیعت شامل فرم، هندسه، مواد و بافت و رنگ طبیعی، مکانیزم و برانگیختن طبیعت، در طراحی المان های شهری تداعی گر تعامل با طبیعت بوده و حس حضور در طبیعت را در شهروندان ایجاد می کند. این مهم به نوبه خود تعامل غیرمستقیم با طبیعت و کاهش انقراض تجربه را به دنبال دارد. گسترش جهت گیری مثبت نگرشی، رفتاری و عاطفی پیامد ارزشمند کاهش انقراض تجربه است.Development of urban furniture design inspired by nature; Case study: Street benches
Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Throughout history, humanity has maintained a close relationship with nature. However, the rapid urbanization in recent decades has severely limited human interaction with the natural world. In the past decades, nature has often been perceived solely as a foundation of resources and its systemic ecological processes that sustain our life have been largely overlooked. This disconnection has led to a growing sense of alienation from nature and a gradual decline in people’s appreciation for the natural environment. This phenomenon, known as the extinction experience syndrome, coined by Pyle, manifests as a general apathy towards environmental concerns. Consequently, there has been a loss of support and regard for nature. This research delves into the underlying causes of humanity’s passive and destructive orientation towards nature by providing a brief overview of the theories of extinction of experience and biophilia. Furthermore, it investigates the criteria of biophilic design as a means to bridge the gap between humans and nature. By examining various studies that draw inspiration from nature, this research explores the design criteria and practical patterns for urban furniture. The research objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of different indicators of urban furniture design, inspired by nature in biophilic design, that are efficient in reducing the disconnection between citizens and nature. The research draws upon previous studies to define the design patterns necessary for achieving this objective. Methods: This research adopts a descriptive (causal-comparative) and qualitative methodology. The data was collected through a literature review of previous studies using the bibliographic research method to understand the components that influence the design. After studying and categorizing the design elements associated with nature-inspired approaches, the design indicators were extracted. To assess the effectiveness of these elements, a visual questionnaire was administered featuring six street benches: five benches that designed through nature-inspired elements and the other with a direct interaction with nature. A total of 220 questionnaires were distributed among residents of district six of Tehran. Findings: The results demonstrate that the incorporation of elements inspired by nature, such as form, geometry, materials, texture, natural colors, mechanisms, and nature stimulation, in urban design evokes interconnectedness with nature and engenders a sense of being in nature among citizens. This, in turn, leads to indirect interaction with nature, thereby reducing the extinction of experience. The expansion of positive attitudes, behaviors, and emotional connections represents a valuable outcome of mitigating the loss of experiential connection. Notably, the mere presence of flower beds and plants adjacent to the urban bench, aimed at facilitating direct interaction with nature, did not fulfill citizens’ need for comfort and relaxation as effectively as the biomorphic bench. The integration with the surrounding context appears to stimulate deeper patterns in the citizen’s unconsciousness, creating a sense of active engagement with nature. These patterns establish alignment with the functions of nature and redefine nature as a positive element. It is evident that design, at this point, holds a more significant mission than merely creating visually appealing forms. By embracing nature as the main design mentor, human society can move towards sustainability and resilience. The research introduces five indicators as key elements of biophilic design for street furniture, aiming to facilitate indirect interaction with nature. These indicators can be categorized based on their level of effectiveness as follows: Nature evocation: This element, achieved through metaphorical designs inspired by natural elements, has the highest level of effectiveness. It satisfies the psychological
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