تأثیر خشونت خانگی علیه زنان بر تعداد ایده آل فرزند (نتایج پیمایشی در شهر صدرا) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تعداد ایده آل فرزند می تواند برآوردی از باروری واقعی زنان را به دست دهد. خشونت خانگی علیه زنان علاوه بر پیامدهای متعدد اجتماعی و سلامت می تواند بر باروری زنان و ایده آل های فرزندآوری آن ها اثر بگذارد. در مطالعه حاضر تلاش شد که تأثیر خشونت خانگی علیه زنان بر باروری ایده آل آن ها بررسی شود. مطالعه حاضر از نوع کمی و با روش پیمایش انجام شد. برای این منظور، با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چندمرحله ای تعداد 379 نفر از زنان دارای همسر واقع در سنین باروری ساکن شهر صدرا در استان فارس پیمایش شدند. برای گردآوری داده ها از پرسشنامه ساخت یافته استفاده شد. یافته ها نشان داد که داشتن 2 فرزند غالب ترین الگوی باروری ایده آل است. همچنین یافته ها بیانگر آن بود که 5/13 درصد زنان مورد مطالعه، خشونت را در سطح متوسط و زیاد تجربه کرده اند. تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیری نشان داد که با افزایش خشونت خانگی علیه زنان تعداد ایده آل فرزند آن ها کاهش می یابد. تلاش در جهت استحکام بنیاد خانواده و کاهش خشونت خانگی علیه زنان می تواند بر رشد جمعیت تاثیرگذار باشد. پیشنهاد می شود که کاهش خشونت خانگی علیه زنان در سیاست های جدید جمعیتی لحاظ شود.The Impact of Domestic Violence against Women on the Ideal Number of Children (Results of a Survey in the City of Sadra)
The ideal number of children provides an estimate of women's actual fertility. In addition to the numerous social and health consequences, domestic violence against women can have an impact on their fertility and childbearing ideals. This quantitative study aims to investigate the influence of domestic violence on women's ideal fertility. The study employed a survey method and utilized the multi-stage cluster sampling technique to survey 379 married women of reproductive age in the city of Sadra, Fars province. Data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that the most prevalent ideal fertility pattern among the participants is having two children. Furthermore, the results indicated that 13.5% of the women surveyed experienced moderate to high levels of violence. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that an increase in domestic violence against women is associated with a decrease in their ideal fertility. Thus, strengthening the foundation of families and reducing domestic violence against women can impact population growth. Consequently, it is recommended to incorporate the reduction of domestic violence against women into new population policies.
Introduction
Domestic violence against women is one of the main public health issues and a violation of women's human rights. Estimates published by the World Health Organization show that globally, one in three women (30 percent) has experienced intimate partner violence during their lifetime (World Health Organization, 2021). Domestic violence usually refers to the partner's behavior that leads to physical, sexual, or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and controlling behaviors (World Health Organization, 2021). In addition to numerous social and health consequences, domestic violence against women can also affect their fertility and their ideals of having children—an issue that has been almost neglected by researchers in both domestic and foreign studies on factors affecting fertility and its ideals. While international research in the field of fertility has focused on issues related to marital relations and their effects on fertility, these studies mostly emphasize the satisfaction of married life and its impact on fertility. Essentially, these studies seek to answer whether people who are happier with their partners are more likely to have children. However, this article takes an opposing perspective: Do women who experience domestic violence have a lower ideal number of children compared to other women?
Methods and Data
The current study was a quantitative study that utilized the survey method. The statistical population of the study consists of all married women aged 15 to 49 in Sadra city, Fars province, with a total number of 28,859 people based on the population and housing census of 2016. A standard questionnaire was used to measure domestic violence against women, and researcher-created items were used to measure demographic, economic, and social variables. Domestic violence against women was assessed using 26 items, which encompass sexual, physical, psychological, and economic violence. The sample size was determined to be 379 people using Cochran's formula. Sampling was conducted using a multi-stage cluster method in 1401. In the first step, the two phases of Sadra City were designated as the first cluster, with an equal number of samples allocated to each phase. In the second step, a random selection was made among the neighborhoods within the two phases, and subsequently, blocks were randomly chosen within those neighborhoods. Subsequently, questionnaires were completed by visiting households within the selected neighborhoods (selected blocks of each neighborhood) and conducting interviews with eligible women.
Findings
The findings revealed that 86.5% of surveyed women experienced domestic violence at a low level, while approximately 9% experienced it at a medium level, and about 5% experienced high levels of all types of domestic violence. The findings also showed that among the female respondents, around 21% identified not having children as their ideal number. Approximately 34% of women considered having one child and about 37% considered having two children as their ideal number. Consequently, the highest proportion favored having two children. The variables of age, spouse's age, and duration of marriage demonstrated a positive and significant relationship with the ideal number of children. As age, spouse's age, and duration of marriage increased, so did the desired number of children. Conversely, an increase in the educational level of women and their spouses exhibited a significant correlation with a decrease in the ideal number of children. Non-working women had a higher average ideal number of children compared to other women. Similarly, women who perceived themselves as belonging to the middle class had a higher average ideal number of children compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, the findings indicated that as domestic violence against women increased, the average ideal number of their children significantly decreased.
Conclusion and Discussion
Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that efforts aimed at reducing domestic violence not only have an impact on improving women's health but also influence their desire to have children. Reductions in domestic violence against women can also play a role in shaping population dynamics and aligning with macro-population policies. When formulating new population policies, it is crucial to avoid solely relying on financial incentives to promote childbearing. It is equally vital to address other aspects of the issue, including domestic violence against women, which has a statistically significant effect on fertility intentions. Implementing preventive interventions is of utmost importance in this regard.
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