کاوشی در تجربه زیسته مردان نابارور در شهر رشت: یک مطالعه پدیدارشناسی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ناباروری مردان به عنوان یکی از اختلالات مهم و یک مشکل اجتماعی پیچیده با پیامدهای مختلف تعریف شده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تجربه زیسته مردان نابارور با رویکرد کیفی و الگوی پدیدارشناسی انجام شد. جامعه مورد مطالعه 17 نفر از مردانی بوده است که در مؤسسه درمان ناباروری مهر رشت در حال درمان بوده اند. برای انتخاب نمونه ها از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند استفاده شده است و نمونه گیری تا زمان اشباع داده ها و عدم دستیابی به داده های جدید ادامه یافته است. تکنیک پژوهش مورد استفاده مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته بود. مصاحبه ها با استفاده از روش کلایزی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها نشان داد عمده ترین مضمون، مردانگی خاموش است. این وضعیت برای مردان نابارور پرتنش، پارادوکسیکال و دارای تأثیرات چندوجهی است که در یازده زیرمضمون مشخص شد: احساس ناامیدی از والدگری، بحران معنای زندگی، چرخش شناختی در حوزه ناباروری، برچسب اجاق کور، فرسایش سرمایه زناشویی، رنج سراسربین، فرسایش سرمایه اجتماعی، هویت مردانه مخدوش، نزدیکی سقوط زندگی، بی تفاوتی متظاهرانه و زندگی در سایه. ناباروری و تأخیر در فرزندآوری به عنوان یک معضل چندبُعدی، شرایط خاصی بوجود آورده و به همراه الگوهای تثبیت شده فرهنگی، تنش ذهنی و اجتماعی به جا گذاشته است.An Exploration of the Lived Experience of Infertile Men in Rasht City, Iran: A Phenomenological Study
Male infertility has been defined as one of the significant disorders and complex social issues with various consequences. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of infertile men using a qualitative and phenomenological approach. The research population consisted of 17 men undergoing treatment at the Mehr Infertility Institute in Rasht. A purposive sampling method was used to select the participants, and sampling continued until data saturation at which point no new information was obtained. The research employed semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. The findings revealed that the predominant theme is "silent masculinity." This situation proved to be paradoxical and multi-faceted for infertile men, as evident in eleven sub-themes: feeling of despair about parenthood, existential crisis, cognitive shift in the realm of fertility, the label of "having no offspring," erosion of marital capital, pervasive suffering, erosion of social capital, blurred masculine identity, proximity to the downfall of life, feigned indifference, and living in the shadow. Infertility and delayed parenthood, as a multidimensional dilemma, have brought about specific conditions and are accompanied by entrenched cultural patterns, and mental and social tensions.
Introduction
Infertility has a long history dating back as far as humanity itself and recorded history (Davis & Loughran, 2017: 3). Infertility is classified into primary and secondary categories, with various causes related to female, male, and unknown factors (Hasanpour Azghadi et al., 2013: 9). It is influenced not only by physiological factors associated with age but also by conditions related to the pathophysiology of reproductive organs and several other factors such as the environment and lifestyle (Skoracka et al., 2021: 2372).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has revised the medical definition of infertility, suggesting the absence of pregnancy after 24 months of unprotected sexual intercourse. The reason for extending the trying period to 24 months, as proposed by the WHO, is that many couples have achieved pregnancy without any intervention after 12 months of unsuccessful attempts (Razeghi Nasrabad et al., 2022: 61).
From a religious and historical perspective, Iranian society generally considers children a divine blessing and views childlessness as an undesirable matter. The term "not having any offspring" is used in Iranian society to refer to families without children. These family norms are often rooted in cultural backgrounds as well (Abbasi Shavazi et al., 2005: 92).
The male perspective on infertility has been largely overlooked, and it has not received the attention it deserves. However, it is important to note that approximately half of the causes of infertility are related to men. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and interpret the situation and explore the effects of infertility on various aspects of the lives of infertile men attending the Mehr Infertility Institute in the city of Rasht. The study attempted to uncover the shared meanings of the experience of infertility in the social context.
Methods and Data
The current research adopted a qualitative approach with a phenomenological perspective. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews. For this purpose, purposive sampling was employed, and the sample size continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The research reached theoretical saturation after 14 interviews, but to ensure completeness, three more interviews were conducted, bringing the total to 17 interviews.
The data were analyzed using the seven-step Colaizzi method. To ensure the credibility of the findings, the results were presented to the participants for verification and validation, meaning that the findings were presented back to the participants to confirm and validate them.
Findings
The participants in the study comprised 17 infertile men who were undergoing treatment at the "Mehr Infertility Institute" in Rasht City. The age range of the participants was between 26 and 51 years, with an average age of 35. All participants were employed. In terms of education, one had completed the third grade of middle school, two had a diploma, one had a post-diploma certificate, nine had a bachelor's degree, and four had a master's degree. The duration of their marriages ranged from 4 to 18 years. Regarding their place of residence, 12 participants were from Rasht, one from Khomam, one from Masouleh, one from Souma'eh Sara, one from Tonekabon, and one from Langroud. In terms of ethnicity, 10 participants were Gilaki, two were Taleshi, two were Turks, one was Kurd of Amarehlu Rudbar, and one was Mazani.
The analysis of the interviews conducted with infertile men revealed the main theme of "silent masculinity". Sub-themes were derived from the integration of over 30 concepts and were subsequently refined to 11 sub-themes: feeling of despair about parenthood, existential crisis, cognitive shift in the realm of fertility, the label of "having no offspring," erosion of marital capital, pervasive suffering, erosion of social capital, blurred masculine identity, proximity to the downfall of life, feigned indifference, and living in the shadow.
Conclusion and Discussion
The findings of this study revealed that infertility places men in a paradoxical situation known as "silent masculinity." This situation represents an echo of the weakened sense of masculine identity and uncertainty about life and the future. Dealing with unresolved grief of not having any offspring and remaining in a relationship where life's dreams seem to have faded away can be challenging.
The analysis of the participants' statements indicated that cultural stereotypes regarding infertility persist. Beliefs such as the purpose of a woman being solely to bear children, the notion that children are divine blessings, or that children are little angels of God highlight the significance of children as a social and cultural value. Those who are deprived of having children are often perceived as lacking and unable to continue their lineage. When they are unable to fulfill these roles, they experience feelings of failure and inadequacy because they believe they have lost their societal position and role.
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