فهم تجربه زنان از ازدواج های زودهنگام: مطالعه ای در شهر تیتکانلو (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
امروزه علی رغم افزایش آگاهی و دانش عمومی مردم در حوزه های مختلف، ازدواج های زودهنگام در دنیا و ایران همچنان شایع است. استان خراسان شمالی در زمره استان هایی با بالاترین ازدواج های زودرس در ایران است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، مطالعه شرایط علّی، زمینه ای و مداخله گر ازدواج های زودهنگام در بین زنان زیر 15 سال شهر تیتکانلو در استان خراسان شمالی است. روش پژوهش، کیفی بوده و از رویکرد نظریه زمینه ای استفاده شده است. مشارکت کنندگان پژوهش حاضر، 24 نفر از زنان ازدواج کرده کمتر از 15 سال شهر تیتکانلو هستند که با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری هدف مند و نظری انتخاب شده اند. داده ها با استفاده از مصاحبه های عمیق نیمه ساختاریافته گردآوری و با بهره گیری از رویه های نظام مند استراوس و کربین (1990) در سه مرحله کدگذاری «باز»، «محوری» و «انتخابی»، تحلیل شده اند. یافته های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که شرایط علّی مؤثر بر ازدواج های زودهنگام عبارتند از: عوامل فردی، عوامل خانوادگی، عوامل اجتماعی، عوامل فرهنگی و عوامل اقتصادی. اهمیت یافتن بدن و استفاده از رسانه های جمعی نیز به عنوان شرایط زمینه ای مؤثر بر ازدواج های زودرس شناخته شده اند. اعتقادات دینی و سنتی و مردانگی هژمونیک نیز عوامل مداخله گری هستند که بر واقعه ازدواج های زودهنگام در شهر تیتکانلو مؤثر بوده اند.Exploring Women's Experience of Early Marriages: A Study in Titkanlu City, Iran
Today, despite the extended awareness and knowledge of the public in the various fields, early marriages are still common in the world and Iran. North Khorasan is among the provinces with the highest number of early marriages in Iran. The current research aims to study the causal, contextual, and intervening factors affecting early marriages among under 15 year old women in Titkanlu city in North Khorasan province. The research method is a qualitative method and the grounded theory approach is also applied. The participants of the present study include 24 under 15-year-old married women from Titkanlu City, who were selected using purposeful and theoretical sampling methods. The data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed through the systematic procedures by Strauss and Corbin (1990) in three "open", "central" and "selective" coding phases. The research findings indicate that the causal conditions affecting early marriages are: individual factors, family factors, social factors, cultural factors, and economic factors. The importance of the body and the use of mass media are also known as contextual conditions affecting early marriages. Religious and traditional beliefs and hegemonic masculinity are also intervening factors that have been effective in early marriages in Titkanlo city.IntroductionIn Iran, like other developing societies, the phenomenon of child marriage is common, and North Khorasan province is placed among the top five provinces in Iran having the highest early marriage statistics. Considering that in North Khorasan province, especially Titkanlu city, child marriage is considerable and it can affect the life quality and the security of the family at different levels, it is necessary to conduct some studies to identify some factors underlying the early marriages in the target society. Child marriage has several consequences for women who marry at a young age. These women believe that imposing child marriage negatively affects their soul, mind, and body and causes increased pressures and life responsibilities, premature aging, loss of vitality and youthful passion, life despair, enduring domestic violence, being deprived of education, and so on. In addition, since early marriage is based on different sociocultural contexts, the environment, and the development level of the regions, to understand the contexts and factors related to this issue, it is necessary to focus on people's attitudes and their lived experiences. In this regard, the current research aims to study the reasons and contexts underlying early marriages among Titkanlu women.Methods and DataThis research was conducted using a qualitative method and the grounded theory as the operational method of the research. According to the prevalence of early marriages under 15-year-old girls, the participants of the present study include women who married under 15 years old, that is, those who were born in 2007 and later in Titkanlu city. The criterion for entering the study was being married under 15 years old and the criterion for exclusion from the study was marriage above 15 years old. Using the purposeful and theoretical sampling method, 24 women were interviewed and the researcher got the theoretical saturation. In the present study, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data. In this regard, using the systematic procedures of Strauss and Corbin (1990), the interview protocol was coded. After completing the interviews, to analyze the collected data, the continuous comparative method and by Strauss and Corbin's method, three "open", "central" and "selective" coding phases were used. Also, reliability, transferability, trustworthiness, and verifiability have been used to test the credibility of the data. Findings The analysis of the research data shows that the causal factors affecting child marriage among the subjects are: individual factors (need for a companion and support, desire to marry young girls, low life skills), family factors (being free from the restrictions of the father house, disordered family, emotional poverty in the family), social factors (importance of femininity, arranged marriages, peer group influence), Cultural factors (fear from being dishonor, fear from being single, cultural poverty, normative pressure) and economic factors (favorable economic conditions of the boy who proposes and economic constraints of families). In addition to the causal conditions that directly affect the early marriages of girls, there are also a series of facilitating factors (contextual and intervening factors) that provide the basis for early marriages. These factors include religious and traditional beliefs, hegemonic masculinity, the importance of the body, and the use of mass media.Conclusion and Discussion The early marriage in Iran is a long-standing phenomenon. Although it has become less prominent in some urban and advanced areas, in many urban and rural areas of our country, a large number of teenagers are still at risk of early marriage. Due to the cultural conditions of our society and macro-level education in the society and offering the extended social services, it is still considered as an important problem. In the gender inequality chain, under the influence of poverty, social expectations, cultural violence, and gender stereotypes, child marriage continues to be a traditional pattern of marriage among many ethnic groups, rural areas, and small towns. The importance of marriage, society's beliefs about the benefits of early marriage, parents' concern about the consequences of a negative response to a suitor, worry about people's thoughts, getting experience from unmarried girls (more than 30 years old), concern about the aging and delay in marriage or lack of opportunity to marry in the future, the concern about the large age gap between couples and their children, the great demand for marriage with teenage girls, the desire of teenage girls to marry, the parent's concern about the girl running away with their favorite boy, the risk of reputation and financial weakness are among the reasons for early marriage. In addition, social and economic status, level of education, and social context influence the probability of early marriage among the girls. Also, patriarchy, making strong the relationships between families, social gender norms, discriminant social structures, social pressure, adherence and continuity of social norms within generations, avoiding the social stigma, lack of security, guaranteeing the future of the girl child, prohibiting the sexual activities without being married are among the most important reasons of early marriages in Iran.
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