تحلیلی تطبیقی از آثار و پیامدهای اثباتی ارتداد زن در مذهب امامیه و رویکرد سلفیه با تمرکز بر دیدگاه امام خمینی و ابن تیمیه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ارتداد یکی از آموزه های فقهی اسلامی است که دستاویز و بستری برای نقد و حمله به دین اسلام شده است؛ به ویژه اگر این مسئله در ارتباط با زنان باشد، از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار می شود. مذهب امامیه و رویکرد سلفیه دو گفتمان زنده و تأثیرگذار معاصری هستند که باوجود داشتن اشتراکات متعدد، در حوزه ارتداد زنان اختلافات فراوانی باهم دارند. مقایسه تطبیقی ارتداد زن در این دو گفتمان ضمن اینکه می تواند تبیین صحیحی از این مسئله ارائه دهد، جنبه های اختلافی آنها را نیز روشن می سازد. پژوهش پیش روی با نظر در اهمیت ارتداد زن با روشی اسنادی تحلیلی تطبیقی در پی پاسخ به جنبه های اختلافی دو گفتمان در پیامدهای اثباتی احکام ارتداد زن شکل گرفته و در پایان به این نتیجه رسیده است که امامیه با تقسیم مرتد به فطری و ملی و بنیادی دانستن مفهوم جنسیت در احکام ارتداد، شرایط خردمندانه تر و آزادنه تری از سلفیان برای زن مرتد مهیا می سازد؛ برای مثال، برخلاف رویکرد سلفیه، در مذهب امامیه زنِ مرتد کشته نمی شود. توبه او پذیرفته می شود. مالکیت او از اموالش و تصرفات غیرمالی او زایل نمی شود. ورّاث مسلمان او وارث اموال او می شوند. فرصت چندماهه برای تفکر و توبه و بازگشت و حفظ علقه زوجیت دارد؛ در حالی که در گفتمان سلفیان در احکام مرتد هیچ تفاوتی میان زن و مرد وجود ندارد. زن مرتد از هیچ گونه امتیاز یا حمایت یا تخفیفی در مجازات بهره مند نیست. قوانین ارتداد سخت و خشن تری در انتظار او است.A Comparative Analysis of the Positive Effects and Consequences of Women's Apostasy in the Imami Religion and the Salafi Approach, Focusing on the Views of Imam Khomeini and Ibn Taymiyyah
Apostasy is a topic in Islamic jurisprudence that has been subject to criticism and attacks on Islam, particularly when it pertains to women. The Imamiyyah religion and the Salafiyyah approach are two contemporary discourses that have significant influence and share many commonalities, but also have differences regarding women's apostasy. This comparative analysis aimed to provide an accurate understanding of women's apostasy in these two discourses and shed light on their conflicting aspects. The research employed a comparative analytical documentary method to address the conflicting aspects of the two discourses regarding the positive consequences of rulings on women's apostasy. The study concluded that Imamiyyah distinguished between natural and national apostasies and considers gender as a fundamental concept. In its rulings on apostasy, Imamiyyah provided more lenient and liberated conditions for apostate women compared to the Salafists. Keywords : Apostate, Ibn Taymiyyah, Salafists, Imamiyyah, Imam Khomeini, Salafiyyah, female Introduction One Islamic ruling that has been used as a pretext to fight against Islam and portray it as rigid and anti-freedom is the focus on the doctrine of female apostasy. While some Islamic factions, such as the Salafis, with affiliations to groups like the Taliban, ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and Wahhabism, hold a violent, reductionist, and anti-humanist view of women's rights, other sects, such as the Imamite Shiites, maintain a rational and just perspective on women's status and rights. These narrow-minded views may have permeated other Islamic sects with their Fatwas being misconstrued as representative of all Islamic sects, including Shia. A comparative analysis of women's rights in the Salafiyyah and Imamiyyah discourses can help understand the truth of this claim. Given the significance of the issue of apostasy and the role of women, this study aimed to provide a correct explanation of female apostasy in these two discourses by comparing two influential Islamic perspectives: the Salafi approach and the Imamiyya religion. This study also aimed to provide a rational defense and response to doubts about the Imami religion. Considering the breadth of the two discourses, two influential figures, Imam Khomeini from the Imamiyyah religion and Ibn Taymiyyah from the Salafiyya approach, were chosen as representatives of the two currents. The research question was as follows: What is the difference between the rulings of apostate women in the Imamiyyah religion and the Salafiyya approach, focusing on the Fatwas of Imam Khomeini and Ibn Taymiyyah? Materials & Methods This study was conducted theoretically using an analytical and comparative approach to documents while reporting the views of the two personalities and studying their works. As the Islamic religions share many common opinions on the rulings of apostate women and there is no need to raise common issues, 10 controversial issues were selected and analyzed in a comparative manner. Research findings The findings of this research included: - Apostasy in Islam is a significant order with its history more prominently seen in pre-Islamic religions, such as Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity. - Salafists view apostasy as a singular concept, but in the Imamia perspective, apostasy is divided into different types, such as natural and national apostates or female and male apostates. In Imami jurisprudence, an apostate woman has more opportunity to reflect and return to Islam. - Salafists consider a woman's apostasy as one of the limits, while in the popular view of the Imamiyyah, it is one of the punishments. - According to Salafists, if a woman does not repent after 3 days, she will be killed, but according to Imamiyyah, if a woman does not repent after 3 days, she will not be killed. - Salafists believe that if a woman becomes an apostate, the Islamic ruler inherits her property, but in the Imamia view, the property of an apostate woman goes to her Muslim heirs. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Salafist jurisprudence presents a harsh image of Islam and severe rulings in the field of women's apostasy. The equalization of legal and jurisprudential rulings of women and men within divine limits, as well as ignoring the role and influence of gender and social environment in legal rulings, has become a platform for oppression against women. In the issue of female apostasy, the jurisprudence of the Imami religion appears more supportive, freer, fairer, and more rational than the jurisprudence of the Salafists. Given the importance of women and the fact that female apostasy has become an excuse to attack Islam, it is suggested that educational, cultural, and media officials address the issue of women's apostasy in a scholarly manner with a responsive approach in student textbooks and magazines. Holding conferences, workshops, and forums for free thinking, criticism, and debate, especially in women's environments, can provide a correct explanation and response to doubts. Also, the Hanafi view seems closer to the Shiite view on the issue of apostasy. Therefore, it is recommended to propagate the beliefs of Abu Hanifah on the issue of female apostasy in Sunni areas of Iran.
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