Social isolation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to model social trust based on social intelligence, social identity, and social isolation based on the moderating role of gender and family economic status on secondary school students in Tehran. Methodology: The research method was descriptive correlation based on modeling and structural equations. The statistical population consisted of all high school students in Tehran in the year 2019, from which 495 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Data collection was done based on Social Trust Questionnaire (Dr Safari nia, Sharif 1389, base on Johnson's theory, 1993), Social Intelligence Questionnaire (Ang Ton Teeth, 2008), Social Identity Questionnaire (Dr Safari nia, Roshan 1390, base on Jenkins's theory, 2000) and Social Isolation Questionnaire (Modaresi Yazdi, 2014). Data analysis was done by SPSS19 and PLS-SEM software in two descriptive and inferential sections. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results showed that based on the identified dimensions and components, the research model had a good fit. The results also showed that the results of social isolation, social intelligence and social identity had an impact on students' social trust. It should be noted that the social isolation variable has a negative coefficient and social intelligence and social identity have a positive path coefficient. It is therefore concluded that gender has a moderating effect on the coefficients of variable social identity on social trust. The coefficient indicates that social identity in girls has a greater impact on social trust than boys. It should be noted that gender has no moderating role in the relationship between social intelligence and social isolation with social trust. The results also showed that the relationship between social identity, social intelligence and social isolation with social trust in the high and low economic status group was different. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the economic situation has a moderating effect on the coefficients of the variables of social identity, social intelligence and social isolation on social trust.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to identify the causes of social isolation and design a relevant model for high school students. Methodology: This was an applied study in terms of its aim and mixed-method study in terms of its implementation method (qualitative and quantitative). The study population in the qualitative section included documents and resources and educational management experts and, in the quantitative section, 180 female high-school first-year students in Gorgan during the academic year 2019-2020. According to the data saturation principle, the research population in the qualitative part included documents and resources related to social isolation and 10 educational management experts who were selected by purposive sampling. According to Cochran's formula, the study population in the quantitative section included 180 female high-school first-year students who were selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected by note taking, interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire (39 items), the construct and convergent validity of which were confirmed and its reliability was obtained α=0.96 by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by open and axial coding methods, factor analysis and structural equation modeling in MAXQDA software. Findings: The findings of the qualitative section showed that social isolation consists of six components and 40 indicators, including socio-economic anomalies (7 indicators), individual variables (9 indicators), parental role (5 indicators), strengthening social relations (6 indicators), psychological interactions (10 indicators), and family level (3 indicators). The findings of the quantitative section showed that the social isolation model had a good fit and all six components, i.e. socio-economic anomalies, individual variables, parental role, strengthening social relations, psychological interactions and family level had a significant effect on social isolation (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, sociologists can use the social isolation model designed in the present study to reduce social isolation; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of effective components.

The present study aims to study "Alienation" in “The Comfort of Strangers” a novel by Ian Mc-Ewan. It attempts to work out the negative and destructive aftermath of alienation in the protagonists of the novel. The research on the mentioned term is fulfilled as per the theories of Melvin Seaman. Ian Russell Mc-Ewan is one of the many examples, who depicted the mentioned element masterfully in his works, specifically in this novel. He goes beyond man’s expectations to show his readers the smashing consequences of human estrangement from the self and society in intelligence and function. Alienation is a venerable concept, with its roots going back to Roman law, where it was a legal term used to denote the act of transferring property. After World War II, when societal complexity started its increasingly accelerated rate of change, and the first signals of post-modernity were perceived by the intellectual elite, alienation slowly became part of the intellectual scene. Melvin Seaman (1918), a theorist which made a momentous modern and post-modern points of the view regarding "Alienation" after Marx and Hegel, was one of the first in the 1960s to develop an alienation scale to measure degrees and varieties of alienation

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of social isolation and psychological distress in the relationship between belonging and life satisfaction among university students. Methodology: In a correlational design, 200 undergraduate students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were selected via multi-stage sampling method. Data collection was carried out by measurments, including sense of belonging instrument (Hagerty, & Patusky, 1995), need to belong scale (Kelly,1999), schema questionnaire (Young, 1998), depression, anxiety, stress scale (Lovibond, & Lovibond,1995), psychological distress scale (Kessler et al., 2002) and satisfaction with life scale (Diener, et al., 1985). Data analysis was conducted using pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. Findings: The results indicated that the sense of belonging and the need to belong were related to social isolation. Additionally, the mediating role of social isolation and psychological distress in the relationship between nelonging and life satisfaction was confirmed (P <0.01). The fit indices confirmed the goodness of fit of the stated model. Also, psychological distress was significantly related to life satifaction. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of laying the groundwork for students' life satisfaction, which requires the implentation of effective interventions and programs to strengthen sense of belonging and, followed by the reduction of social isolation and psychological distress. The limitations of this study and the future directions will be discussed.