مطالب

The present article is intended to analyze the status of architectural education during two periods before and after Cultural Revolution in Iran and in order to interpret approaches and paradigms, methods, and way of its development thereby, it deals with criticism of current situation in the field of architectural education. For this purpose, it has been tried to separate different fields of quantitative and qualitative development of the discussed subject with historical review on formation of architectural academic schools during recent period. The methodology of current research is based on using the relevant information about structure of architectural education in Iran during two major periods, which have been subjected to data- mining by taking an interpretative- historical approach. In addition, the present condition has been criticized with review on the existing theories in this field and afterwards in order to achieve the given result and for conclusion of the contemporary attitudes in Iranian architectural education. Findings have been analyzed according to strategic analysis to disambiguate the process of planning for the future based on internal strong and weak point as well as external opportunities and threats (SWOT) in educational structure of architecture and eventually following to evaluation of today status and position becomes available for access in the future.

In this paper the designing products of B.A. Sophomore students of architecture in Tehran University who were divided into two kinds of learning namely technical and skill-based learning. In technical learning the subjective steps of creativity process i.e. "insight", "preparation", "incubation", "intuition", and "verification" were discussed and it was suggested that these steps cannot be taught but in skill-based learning the objective steps of creativity process i.e. "combination", "mutation", "analogy", "first principle" and "emergence" in a form of an instructional and designing practice were studied. In skill-based learning, three kinds of learning namely "passive", "active" and "reflective are utilized. Passive learning is used by the student to discover the knowledge and skill of the instructor. The active learning which is based on the idea is utilized for helping the novice learners. The result of the case study indicated that the perception through creativity in the designing process is like building a bridge on the knowledge gap between teacher and student through studying the samples of architecture as an active learning and student's implicit knowledge as a reflective learning. In this paper the emphasis is on the values of education and the very important point about learning designing is the access to the creativity as a product of an educational process. To this end the instructors' concern on the quality of improving the novice learners' designing ability and considering the suggested model in order to evaluate the designing improvement is quite necessary and indispensible.

Despite the similar performance of Bazaar1 in different cities of Iran, there are some the skeletal differences between markets in different climates. The Bazaar roof protects customers against natural events in any climate. The ceiling height and the sitting down of the Bazaar`s floor are determined based on the need for air circulation and movement in various climates. Hence, combination of all the factors would shape the market. Natural ventilation and cooling air are one of the major factors determining the market shape in hot and dry areas. This study aims to analyze the function of natural ventilation concerning direct and indirect effective elements and their impacts on market shape in hot and dry city-Shiraz. For this purpose, Vakil Bazaar is chosen. In this research, a combination of descriptive and case methods are applied analytically, a field which determines the wind and air function based on the dominant wind and other elements affecting the natural ventilation of Shiraz` Vakil Bazaar that in the end achieve factors to providing favorable comfort in this place.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the bazaars and shopping centers as public spaces. Given the weakness of public places and consequently the weakness of social interactions, today’s societies are in dire need of social spaces to increase social interactions. Therefore, the review of these two as then and now’s urban spaces could help solve some problems. Bazaars are among the oldest Iranian urban spaces, which are deemed to be the palpitating heart of the Iranian cities, playing different social, economic, and other roles. Shopping centers are adopted from the 20th Century’s models and are considered as an appropriate alternative for Bazaars for the modern human of the 21st Century. Descriptive-Analytical research method is of the case study model, and Space Syntax Software was used for collection of data by library method and analysis. The results show that shopping centers cannot be appropriate alternatives for Bazaars and can be considered as centers for meeting economic needs. Therefore, these centers could not be considered as appropriate collective spaces and as appropriate places for meeting social and recreational needs.

Rural tourism can be defined as a tourism product, which approach accentuates the importance of supply management and marketing activities. As against conventional tourism, rural tourism has certain typical characteristics like; it is experience oriented, the locations are sparsely populated, it is predominantly in natural environment, it meshes with seasonality and local events and is based on preservation of culture, heritage and traditions. Iran is world famous for kind hospitality, friendliness, and a beautiful Landscape and villages. Beautiful historical villages and rural areas, like Gilanian villages have been visited by many foreign and domestic tourists. Definitely, Tourism industry in the villages has positive and negative consequences. Some experts focus on the positive aspects and vice versa. Some experts disagree with this industry and believe that must be prevented rural tourism. The main purpose in this paper is to investigate and Introduction of tourism centers in Gilan villages. The method in this paper is quantities and also action research and tools of data collection is documental, in-depth interview and participate .

Today, there is a new trend in architecture called "architecture for tourism", That one of the emphasized principles of it is the value of the traditional architecture of tourism in sustaining, sustainable tourism. In fact, the appearance of this new approach responds to the changes that have been made in the geography of the tourism market in the postmodern era, due to the changing needs and interests of tourists to exclusive and unique destinations. As regards that the native architecture of each region, reflecting its economic, social, cultural and environmental conditions, is an appropriate response to the principle of uniqueness in the competitive tourism market. The main emphasis of architectural tendency for tourism is the design and construction of tourism structures with the native architecture approach. In this regard this stem-applied research that is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, and its information has collected from two sources of documentation in the field of questionnaires distributed among 100 tourists and experts in the field of tourism, architecture and geography in the village of Palangan, Kurdistan province as one of the important hubs of rural tourism and native architecture of the country, With the aim of explaining, analyzing, introducing and emphasizing on the importance and impact of the design and construction of tourism structures in rural tourism development, the aim of this approach is to use this approach in the field of rural tourism development. The results of the research show that the design and construction of tourism structures with the native architecture approach is capable of realizing the principle of uniqueness, satisfying the needs of residents and the welfare of tourists, and ultimately realizing the principle of satisfaction of tourists, in order to be able to according to the results of correlation, The side of the native architecture will move in the construction and design of tourism structures; we will see more and more favorable development of rural tourism.

Nowadays, governments pay a special attention to tourism industry and with special measures and policies, they attempt to develop and expand it, as this industry both brings foreign currency and positively effects  on the economic growth and economic boom. In our country, however there was much less attention to the cities and villages which attracted millions of visitors and their role and position in tourism are rarely addressed. In fact, the role of tourism is neglected and or it is less utilized in planning, especially in urban and rural planning. This is while tourism is the most extensive service industry which, not in the far future and faster than before, is capacitated to emerge for increasing the level of public culture, making peace, dialogue of civilizations, understanding, friendship and amity in an international level  as a pioneer of or equal to other industries, including oil industry. The Islamic Iran, with all the historical, religious and natural monuments has considerable capabilities which should be thoughtfully utilized in the best way. Although Iran has hosted about 3,200,000 foreign tourists in 2011 and then has hosted 5,250,000 foreign tourists in 2016, however, we are still at the beginning of the road for development of this industry. Kashan city also has many precious sites of cultural heritage, which are unique in Iranian cities and in the world and in terms of tourism, especially religious, pilgrimage and historical tourism and considering  its ancient urban fabric, has the potential to attract many tourists from Iran and around the world, in a way that this city hosted 369,446 domestic tourists and 5,010 foreign tourists in the Nowouz  of 2017.  On the other hand 221,739 people of the total tourists during that period have visited Kashan’s Fin garden, of which 219,930 of them were domestic tourists and 1,809 of them were foreign tourists. Therefore, concerned authorities should apply necessary and essential approaches, so that this efficient and profitable industry provides the grounds for job creation especially for youths and bring sustainable tourism development for the ancient city of Kashan and to set high prospects for the future of this city.

Majority of Iran (about 90%) is situated in semi-arid, desert and semi-desert regions. The vast extent of dry areas in Iran necessitates a thorough consideration of the potentials of these areas in the field of ecotourism industry. Desert areas in Iran are full of tourist attractions, so that in addition to the natural attractions of deserts and salt deserts, it is possible to say that most cities or even some rural areas located in these regions have unique cultural monuments and historical and natural attractions. Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) and Dasht-e-Lut (Lut Desert), the two largest salt deserts in central Iran, are considered as one of the richest ecotourism potentials in the Middle East. The spatial scope of this research includes sandy and salt desert tourism destinations such as Maranjab Desert located in northern Aran va Bidgol, city and Mesr village in the central district of Khur and Biabanak County, Isfahan Province. In this research, we tried to examine the hypotheses of this study by identifying the specific and unique potentials of these areas, based on the field study and collecting library documents and information, using observations, interviews with authorities and professionals in the field of tourism and referring to the relevant web sites. The analysis of data of this research indicates that the unique conditions of the studied areas in terms of natural, historical and sport attractions and so on are among the most important potentials for attracting domestic and foreign tourists. According to the findings of this study, the difference between the culture of tourists and local subcultures and also the lack of necessary facilities and infrastructure are among the problems facing the officials and tourists in these areas. Based on the interviews conducted with tourism officials and local trustees, the development of any tourism activity requires the existence of infrastructures such as roads, transportation, residential centers, health centers, security centers as well as religious and cultural infrastructures, so that the tourism activity in these areas can become as dynamic as possible.