محمودرضا عطایی

محمودرضا عطایی

مدرک تحصیلی: استاد گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی

مطالب
ترتیب بر اساس: جدیدترینپربازدید‌ترین

فیلتر های جستجو: فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۱ تا ۲۰ مورد از کل ۳۲ مورد.
۱.

Exploring Cultural Schemas in Foreign Language Education Policy (FLEP) Documents of Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره سیزدهم مرداد و شهریور ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۶۹) 29-1

کلیدواژه‌ها: سیاست گذاری آموزش زبان خارجی آموزش زبان انگلیسی فرهنگ اسلامی-ایرانی طرح واره های فرهنگی اسناد ملی ایران

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۷
Culture is an indispensable part of Foreign Language Education Policy (FLEP), especially in English Language Teaching (ELT). In addition, the spread of English around the globe has resulted in English users’ tendency to embed their local culture in their English communication (Kirkpatrick, 2012). However, literature remains silent on culture representation in FLEP, especially in an ideologized country like Iran. To address this issue, due to lack of an explicit FLEP in Iran, the present study analyzed the cultural schemas addressed in the seven major national policy documents of Iran, namely 20-year National Vision, Comprehensive Science Roadmap, Support for Comprehensive Science Roadmap in the Domain of Languages, Cultural Engineering Document, National Curriculum, Fundamental Reform in Education, and Islamicization of Universities. Results of content analysis using MAXQDA Software unmasked Islamic-Iranian culture as the baseline for ELT in Iran. In order to further examine the representations and implications of ‘Islamic-Iranian culture’ hidden in the documents, open coding, axial coding, and labeling along with constant comparative procedure revealed various Islamic cultural schemas. However, very few instances of Iranian cultural schemas were unveiled. The findings were discussed in light of the hidden curriculum and the power relations behind the extracted cultural schemas
۲.

Pre-service L2 Teachers’ Professional Knowledge, Academic Self-Concept and Instructional Practice(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره دوزادهم آذر و دی ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۵ (پیاپی ۶۵) 173-143

کلیدواژه‌ها: دانش حرفه ای دانش محتوایی دانش موضوعی-تربیتی دانش تربیتی-عمومی خودپنداره تحصیلی تمرین تدریس دانشجو معلمان زبان انگلیسی

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۱۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۹۰
Teacher professional development rests on the provision of knowledge, development of skills, and change of attitudes of teacher candidates and in-service teachers. Teachers’ professional knowledge, perceptions and teaching practice contribute greatly to student learning. This study sets out to investigate the relationships and inter-relationships among professional knowledge, academic self-concept and self-reported instructional practice which was found as a research gap in the literature. Using a sample of 92 pre-service TEFL teachers in Iran, a significant positive correlation was found between professional knowledge and academic self-concept. The findings also revealed that different domains of professional knowledge are not related to each other for TEFL. Finally, the obtained results indicated that academic self-concept affected instructional practice in total and at the level of sub-dimensions while professional knowledge had an effect on the two dimensions of instructional practice, namely cognitive activation and student learning support but not on the dimension of classroom management .
۳.

Evaluating Global EFL Coursebooks in the Iranian Context: A Multiliteracies Approach(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۴۰, Issue ۲, Spring ۲۰۲۱ 81 - 118

کلیدواژه‌ها: Coursebook analysis Global coursebooks Knowledge process framework Multiliteracies approach

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۴ تعداد دانلود : ۱۹۱
Global EFL coursebooks are used in numerous educational contexts throughout the world based on the assumption that they are the optimal source of English educational input. Their widespread use calls for a systematic analysis of these coursebooks using a framework that can reveal their defining characteristics. One such framework is the knowledge process framework, which is based on the multiliteracies pedagogy. The present study deployed this framework in an attempt to analyze seven widely taught coursebooks in the Iranian context. The findings revealed that knowledge processes of "analyzing functionally" and "applying appropriately" were more frequent in the analyzed coursebooks and the other knowledge processes were present in lower numbers. Based on the findings of the study, EFL teachers in the Iranian context are encouraged to include more activities with the knowledge processes of "analyzing critically" and "applying creatively" to address the absence of these knowledge processes while teaching the global coursebooks.
۵.

The Effect of Scaffolded Written Corrective Feedback on Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Quality: An Activity Theory Perspective

نویسنده:
منبع: Iinternational Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۸, Issue ۳۰, (Special Issue) ۲۰۲۰ 177-196

کلیدواژه‌ها: Activity theory Second language acquisition second language writing Written Corrective Feedback Scaffolding Scaffolded Feedback

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۵۳ تعداد دانلود : ۲۳۰
With the latest paradigm shift in SLA from Cognitivism to Sociocultural Theory (SCT), more studies are carried out to investigate the efficacy of Written Corrective Feedback (WCF) through a social and cultural lens. A more recent offspring of SCT is Activity Theory which provides an explanatory framework for scrutinizing an activity in a social setting. The present study aimed at investigating the impact of Scaffolded WCF within the framework of Activity Theory on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance in terms of reduction of the learners’ writing errors with respect to the content, vocabulary, mechanics, organization, and grammar. Finally, different types of Activity Theory-based strategic mediations (i.e. artifact, rule, community, and role mediations) Iranian EFL learners employed in their writing revisions were investigated. Accordingly, 25 Iranian university-level students, through convenient sampling, were chosen to participate in the study. The treatment they received on their writings was a graduated Scaffolding WCF in their Zone of Proximal Development in the form of both peer and teacher feedback. The findings indicated that Scaffolded WCF statistically significantly contributed to the participants’ writing performance in terms of content, vocabulary, mechanics, organization, and grammar. With respect to the mediation strategies used by the learners, it was discovered that the learners benefitted from all the available mediators although with various degrees. It is hoped that the findings of this study will promise implications for promoting a teacher/learner-friendly method of providing WCF based on SCT, which can be utilized in large classes typical of Iranian EFL university courses.
۶.

An Investigation into Iranian EAP Teachers’ Burnout and its Variations in Relation to Their Demographic and Organizational Characteristics(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Issues in Language Teaching (ILT), Vol. ۹, No. ۱, June ۲۰۲۰ 93 - 116

کلیدواژه‌ها: Burnout Depersonalization (DP) Emotional exhaustion (EE) EAP Personal accomplishment (PA)

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۲۱ تعداد دانلود : ۲۶۱
Teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses is highly demanding for EAP teachers as they are faced with diverse pedagogical and administrative challenges in such courses. This study addressed the level of burnout among EAP teachers and variations in relation to their demographic and organizational characteristics. To this aim, a demographic questionnaire along with the Persian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was administered to 276 EAP teachers from state universities in Iran. The results revealed that a considerable number of EAP teachers reported mid-levels of personal accomplishment. Moreover, variations in degree of burnout were found among EAP teachers in relation to marital status, age, years of experience in teaching EAP and content/general English courses, educational background, and the field and number of EAP courses taught. Also, EAP teachers with different demographic and organizational characteristics who were more susceptible to burnout were identified. Finally, implications for enhancing the working conditions of EAP teachers are presented.
۷.

A Visual Analysis of English Language Textbooks: Celebrities’ Role as Cultural Figures(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۴, Fall & Winter ۲۰۱۹ 55-78

کلیدواژه‌ها: Celebrities circles of EIL culture linguistic schizophrenia text-accompanied images

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۵۶ تعداد دانلود : ۵۳۳
This paper seeks to probe cultural agendas pertaining to the images of celebrities in the widely-used English language textbooks. In fact, while visual analysis has solidified its position in ELT (e.g. Hurst, 2014; Mitsikopoulou, 2015; Romney, 2012; Taylor-Mendes, 2009) and caused the pendulum to swing away from the grammatical or textual content to the visual presentation (Giaschi, 2000), research into celebrities as the cultural representatives has been a barely touched issue. To address this gap, the researchers, drawing on Kachru’s (1985) orthodox model of the usage of English across the globe, examined the images of celebrities in four widely-used English language textbook series. In so doing, the terms depiction and mention (Toprak & Aksoyalp, 2014) were taken as a yardstick to pinpoint the type of intersection between the text and the image. Further, the images were thematically explored, which notably indicated the images relating to the field of media were the far most common theme in the English language textbooks. Lastly, it was revealed that whereas the images of the inner-circle outnumbered all, the images of the expanding circle surprisingly outnumbered those of the outer circle, an outcome which could point to linguistic schizophrenia (Kachru, 1992) as the main reason.
۸.

Evaluation of EAP Programs in Iran: Document Analysis and Expert Perspectives(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۷ , N. ۲ , ۲۰۱۸ 171 - 194

کلیدواژه‌ها: EAP Language-in-education Planning EAP Documents Experts evaluation Policy and Practice

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۵۹ تعداد دانلود : ۲۰۹
This study aimed to examine the policies in the Iranian English for Academic Purposes (EAP) education and the extent to which objectives match the policies and are materialized in practice. To this end, course descriptions in the syllabi for the EAP programs were evaluated through document analysis and triangulated with the experts’ perspectives through interviews to examine the current status of EAP policy-making and practice in Iran. Seven policy areas from Kaplan and Baldauf’s (2005) language-in-education planning were chosen as the framework of the study. Based on document analysis and interviews with the experts, the similarities and discrepancies in micro and macro levels were investigated. The results showed that EAP course descriptions do not include any comments on policy and there were discrepancies in policy and practice due to such factors as lack of communication channel between the EAP stakeholders and policy-makers. Finally, the study revealed that due to deficiencies in both policy and practice and in order to reach an acceptable status, EAP programs are in dire need for reconceptualizing policy-making and practice. The findings of this study have significant implications for EAP policies and practice in the academic system of Iran.
۹.

Conceptions of Research Publication among Iranian Doctoral Students of Applied Linguistics: Cherish the Wish to Publish or Rush to Perish(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) Vol. ۲۱, No. ۱, March ۲۰۱۸ 29-65

کلیدواژه‌ها: research Publication Applied linguistics Higher education Doctoral students

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۶۰ تعداد دانلود : ۳۹۱
The competitive academic atmosphere of the higher education worldwide along with the current trend in producing research-oriented knowledge by universities has made research publication the first priority for doctoral students. In this study, we addressed the conceptions of purpose, process, and product of publishing research articles among Iranian doctoral students of applied linguistics. To this end, thirty students were interviewed and the data were analyzed using the grounded theory approach. The findings demonstrated that doctoral students publish papers to prepare a competition-winning resume, significantly contribute to the ELT community, turn into life-long learners and problem-solvers, and fulfill their course requirements. Furthermore, with regard to the research publication process, they highlighted the role of mixed-methods in spotting real problems in context and getting their papers published in prestigious journals. Additionally, the students believed that publishing in international journals grants them the opportunity to gain international recognition, attract an international audience, receive expert quality feedback from professional reviewers, publish in journals specific in focus and scope, and avoid publishing in cheap predatory journals. Finally, the findings suggest that the doctoral students need more systematic coaching to successfully conduct and publish their research.
۱۰.

Exploring the Conceptions of Academic Reading Comprehension by Iranian Graduate Students of Applied Linguistics(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۳۷, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۱۸ 1 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: Metacognitive knowledge beliefs academic reading Academic Literacy graduate students

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۶۹ تعداد دانلود : ۳۲۷
Although the importance of reading in higher education as an index of success has been highlighted, the metacognitive knowledge or beliefs of graduate students have remained under-researched. This qualitative study reports on a study that, first, examines how graduate students of applied linguistics conceive of academic reading and academic readers in their graduate programs; second, what factors they believe can contribute to the development of those self-conceptions; and, third, if there was the possibility of adding a course on academic reading to their MA programs, how they would judge the advantages and disadvantages of such a course. In so doing, in-depth interviews were conducted with 31 graduate students at eight different universities. The findings revealed considerable changes in the participants' conceptions as the result of taking part in their graduate programs. They attributed those self-conceptions to their efforts and struggles as well as their teachers' help and guidance. Their perceptions of an academic reading course were positive. Pedagogical implications are discussed.
۱۱.

محتوای آموزشی دوره های آموزش زبان با اهداف خاص کانون زبان ایران: ارزیابی سطوح کلان، میانی و خرد(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های زبانشناختی در زبانهای خارجی دوره ۸ پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۷ شماره ۲ 475 - 506

کلیدواژه‌ها: آموزش زبان با اهداف خاص کانون زبان ایران ارزیابی دوره های آموزشی به روز رسانی دوره های آموزشی فهم متقابل

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۳۹ تعداد دانلود : ۳۱۷
موفقیت یک دوره آموزشی مستلزم نیازسنجی، به روزرسانی مستمر و همچنین حصول اطمینان از درک متقابل و همسوی افراد ذینفع در سطوح کلان، میانی و خرد از جنبه های مختلف آموزشی آن دوره است. در این پژوهش، برای فراهم سازی بایسته های بازنگری و رفع اشکالات احتمالی دوره های نوپای آموزش زبان با اهداف خاص کانون زبان ایران صورت گرفته است. در این پژوهش که بخشی از یک برنامه پژوهشی گسترده است، با بهره گیری از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه های کیفی نیمه-ساختارمند استوار بر چارچوب نظری بالدف و کپلان (2005)، نظرات افراد در سطوح کلان، میانی و خرد کانون زبان ایران در زمینه محتوای آموزشی دوره های آموزش زبان با اهداف ویژه کانون زبان ایران بررسی و نتایج با بهره گیری از تحلیل محتوا و آمار توصیفی به صورت کیفی و کمی گزارش شده است. بررسی نتایج پژوهش موجود نشان از تفاوت و گاه تناقض برداشت افراد در سطوح مختلف دارد که پرداختن به آن می تواند نقطه شروع مناسبی برای بازبینی و به روزرسانی دوره ها باشد.
۱۲.

Stepping into Mindful Education: A Teacher Educator’s Narrative of Contextualizing a SLTE Curriculum(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) Vol. ۲۰, No. ۱, March ۲۰۱۷ 35-79

کلیدواژه‌ها: Adaptive expertise contextualization Mindful teacher education Narrative knowledging Reflectivity SLTE curriculum

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۰۲ تعداد دانلود : ۳۴۱
Initiation into contextualizing mindful second language teacher education (SLTE) has challenged teacher educators causing their retreat into mindless submission to ready-made standardized directives. To revive the starting perspective in curriculum development in light of the recent trend towards responsive SLTE, this practitioner research investigated how the context was incorporated into the initial program phase. We reported an intrinsic case self-study narrating the contextualization events unfolded in the first five sessions of an English language teacher education program in Karaj, Iran. Selected factors guided data mining in an interview, classroom interaction transcripts, reflective tasks, institutional documents, and the teacher educator’s journal entries and recollections. The data underwent meaning-oriented, temporally sequenced content analysis. We redrafted the resulting narrative after member checking, and critical reviews. Afterwards, we conducted a layered context-bound thematic analysis on the big story followed by further theme analysis of the existing and emerging facets of adaptive expertise. Engagement in this narrative inquiry developed awareness of her practices and professional agency, constraints and affordances within the context of SLTE program. The findings extend narrative knowledging to the wider professional community of SLTE.
۱۳.

ارزیابی انتقادی دوره های زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف دانشگاهی در ایران: تحلیل محتوایی اسناد زبانی و دیدگاه های متخصصان و برنامه ریزان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره هشتم بهمن و اسفند ۱۳۹۶ شماره ۶ (پیاپی ۴۱)

کلیدواژه‌ها: زبان تخصصی سیاست آموزش زبان متخصصان اسناد زبان تخصصی سطوح سیاست گذاری و اجرا

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۳۶ تعداد دانلود : ۴۶۲
این مطالعه با هدف بررسی سیاست آموزش زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف دانشگاهی در ایران و اینکه تا چه حد سیاست گذاری ها با اجرا مطابقت دارد، انجام شده است. بدین منظور، ابتدا سرفصل های دروس زبان تخصصی که در سطح کلان طراحی شده اند با روش تحلیل محتوایی اسناد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و سپس از طریق مصاحبه، با دیدگاه های متخصصان این حوزه هم سو سازی شد تا میزان انطباق بین سطوح سیاست گذاری و اجرا مشخص شود. محورهایی از چارچوب سیاست آموزش زبان کاپلان و بالدوف (2005) به عنوان چارچوب نظری مطالعه انتخاب شد. بررسی تحلیل محتوایی اسناد زبان تخصصی و مصاحبه با متخصصان بیانگر آن است که در برنامه زبان تخصصی در ایران اختلافاتی بین سطوح سیاست گذاری و اجرا وجود دارد. مضاف بر آنکه این برنامه در سطح سیاست گذاری نیز ضعف ها و کاستی های جدی دارد. یافته ها بیانگر آن است که به منظور رسیدن به یک وضعیت قابل قبول در برنامه مذکور، نیاز مبرمی به بازنگری دوره های زبان تخصصی در هر دو سطح سیاست گذاری و اجرا وجود دارد.
۱۴.

Exploring Iranian EAP Teachers’ Pedagogic Content Knowledge and Teaching Practices, and Students’ Beliefs about EAP Teachers’ Methodology(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Issues in Language Teaching (ILT), Vol. ۶, No. ۱, June ۲۰۱۷ 27 - 1

کلیدواژه‌ها: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) language teachers content teachers pedagogic content knowledge (PCK) teaching practices

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۵۶ تعداد دانلود : ۳۵۹
The systematic study of EAP teachers’ pedagogic content knowledge and their actual teaching practices in class is a fresh avenue in applied linguistics, especially in contexts like Iran, where, EAP courses are taught by two groups of teachers with different specializations; i.e., language teachers and content teachers. This study explored the similarities and differences between language teachers’ and content teachers’ PCK, and teaching practices, and students’ beliefs about their EAP teachers’ methodology at Medical Sciences Universities across Iran. In order to answer the research questions, a wide range of instruments including questionnaires, observations, semi-structured interviews, and field notes were utilized. Sources included language teachers, content teachers, students taught by language teachers, and students taught by content teachers. Representative samples of 318 EAP teachers and 1573 students participated in the study. The results indicated substantial inconsistencies across the two groups of teachers with respect to their PCK and teaching practices. The findings also showed that students favored language teachers’ methodologies and teaching practices. The findings promise implications for EAP instruction in Iran and highlight the pressing need for more systematic teacher training programs. 
۱۵.

Investigating Burnout among Iranian EAP Teachers: A Comparison of Content instructors and ELT Instructors(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۶ , N. ۴ , ۲۰۱۷ 455 - 472

کلیدواژه‌ها: Burnout Content instructors ELT Instructors English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۳۱ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۵
English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses are currently well-established university programs. These courses are run independently by English Language Teaching (ELT) instructors and content instructors without any collaboration. However, ELT instructors and content instructors do not receive the same level of collegiality and social support from the organizations and students. This paper probed burnout among Iranian EAP teachers, including content instructors and ELT instructors in 28 state universities and its variations in relation to their demographic and organizational characteristics. To this aim, the Persian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was administered to content instructors (N=185) and ELT instructors (N=86) in the state universities in Iran. The results of the study indicated that while most of EAP teachers, both content instructors and ELT instructors, had low burnout, a considerable number had mid-levels of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. The findings of the study also indicated that the ELT instructors had higher emotional exhaustion than the content instructors, and it was also found that the content instructors with more than 13 years of experience and the ELT instructors with more than 20 years of experience in teaching such courses had the lowest burnout. Based on the findings of the study, educational administrators are suggested to take remedial and preventive actions against EAP teachers’ burnout and enhance ELT instructors’ occupational well-being. It also seems necessary to assist EAP teachers in adapting to the requirements of teaching EAP courses through pre/in-service teacher training courses to obviate the need for extensive experience for gaining expertise in it.
۱۶.

An Investigation into the Effects of Joint Planning on Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency across Task Complexity(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۰, Fall & Winter ۲۰۱۷

کلیدواژه‌ها: Task Complexity Accuracy fluency task complexity

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۷۹ تعداد دانلود : ۳۵۷
The current study aimed to examine the effects of strategic planning, online planning, strategic planning and online planning combined (joint planning), and no planning on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of oral productions in two simple and complex narrative tasks. Eighty advanced EFL learners performed one simple narrative task and a complex narrative task with 20 minutes in between. The order of the two stories was counterbalanced to control for any possible practice effect. The results suggest that no planning in both tasks was the least effective. Strategic planning led the learners to elevate both their complexity and fluency significantly in the narrative simple task and only their fluency in the complex task. Online planning helped the participants improve their accuracy significantly both in the simple and complex tasks. Finally, joint planning resulted in the significant elevation of accuracy and fluency in the simple task on the one hand, and complexity and accuracy in the complex task on the other. With respect to the effect of task complexity, the interaction between task complexity and CAF was significant. The results and comparisons between groups are discussed in the light of Levelt’s model of speaking, Skehan’s Trade-off Hypothesis, and earlier studies.
۱۷.

A Social Semiotic Analysis of Social Actors in English-Learning Software Applications(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), No. ۳ , Fall ۲۰۱۶
حوزه های تخصصی:
  1. حوزه‌های تخصصی زبان شناسی میان رشته ای ها نشانه شناسی
  2. حوزه‌های تخصصی زبان شناسی علوم مرتبط آموزش زبان دوم
تعداد بازدید : ۱۱۸۲ تعداد دانلود : ۶۵۳
This study drew upon Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006, [1996]) visual grammar and Van Leeuwen’s (2008) social semiotic model to interrogate ways through which social actors of different races are visually and textually represented in four award-winning English-learning software packages.  The analysis was based on narrative actional/reactional processes at the ideational level; mood, perspective, social distance, and modality at the interpersonal level; and salience, framing, and vector at the compositional level. The findings revealed that although contemporary multimodal texts have tried to be unbiased and neutral in the verbal mode, there are still traces of discrimination, bias, and stereotyping in the visual mode. The results of this research can be of potential help and use for researchers, pedagogues, material developers, software designers,  teachers , and students to become visually literate and get aware of the hidden messages that can be communicated by images in textbooks and multimedia.
۱۸.

Task Condition and EFL Learners’ Individual Differences: The Mediation of Tolerance of Ambiguity and Self-efficacy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), No. ۴ , Winter ۲۰۱۶
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تعداد بازدید : ۷۰۶ تعداد دانلود : ۵۰۶
Drawing on Robinson’s cognition hypothesis, the study attempted to examine how task conditions influence EFL learners’ oral performance and whether learners’ individual differences in terms of tolerance of ambiguity and self-efficacy mediate the effects of such conditions. To this end, 62 Iranian intermediate EFL learners from private language institutes in Tehran performed four dyadic decision-making tasks manipulated along task conditions of information distribution and goal orientation. Their performance was measured through complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) indices. Their tolerance of ambiguity and self-efficacy were assessed using separate questionnaires. The results indicated that information distribution and goal orientation could significantly impact the participants’ performance on the tasks. As to the CAF indices, it seemed that Skehan’s (2016) trade-off hypothesis was a better fit than Robinson’s (2015) cognition hypothesis since trade-offs were found between complexity and accuracy/fluency. The results of the correlations revealed that there were a number of significant positive relationships between tolerance of ambiguity and the CAF indices on the one hand and self-efficacy and the CAF indices on the other. While the former relationships did not confirm the specific prediction of the cognition hypothesis, the latter relationships did. Overall, the findings contribute to Robinson’s hypothesis concerned with the effects of task conditions on oral performance and the mediating role of individual differences, and have implications for task sequencing and task-based teaching.
۱۹.

A Comparison of Thematic Choices and Thematic Progression Patterns in the Research Articles of Well-established and Emerging Disciplines(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) Vol. ۱۹, No. ۲, September ۲۰۱۶

کلیدواژه‌ها: Research Article Thematicity Thematic progression (TP) (RA) Well-established disciplines Emerging disciplines

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۴۴ تعداد دانلود : ۵۹۵
Several studies have employed the theme-rheme construct to examine the generic profile of research articles (RAs). However, they have mostly focused on the subject matter and nature of disciplines, and other disciplinary characteristics as contextual factors which can impact the genre realization have not been considered in the discourse analysis research. This work, therefore, investigates thematic choices and thematic progression patterns in the RA in relation to the status of disciplines as well-established or emerging fields. To this end, a corpus of 240 RAs of mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering, horticulture, and environmental science were analyzed using Halliday’s (1994) framework of thematicity and McCabe’s (1999) model of thematic progression (TP). The results showed significant differences in the distributions of unmarked and marked themes as well as the patterns of thematic progression between the well-established and emerging disciplines. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest further consideration of the status of disciplines in discourse studies which can serve disciplinary research and contribute to the body of research on science.
۲۰.

Tracing Metadiscursive Stance over Time and Across Disciplines: A Comparative Study of English Research Articles(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Issues in Language Teaching (ILT), Vol. ۵, No. ۱, June ۲۰۱۶

کلیدواژه‌ها: Metadiscourse Research Articles Stance academic writing discipline

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۸۶۶ تعداد دانلود : ۴۳۹
Research in academic writing has revealed a strong tendency on the part of writers to interactively communicate their scientific findings with their readers. In doing so, the writers should take a position while arguing their propositions. This interaction as proposed by Hyland (2005b) takes places having two sides of stance and engagement. This study targeted the stance component of writer-reader interaction by integrating Hyland’s (2005b) and Hyland and Tse’s (2005a) frameworks to survey lexical and grammatical stance markers in the major subsections of English research articles in anthropology, education, horticulture, and zoology. The corpus included 240 English research articles published during two periods, namely, 1990 and 2010; 60 from each field, 30 articles from 1990 and 30 from 2010 yielding a total number of 1,270,021words. The findings suggested that stancetaking is a common feature of academic writing in the sampled disciplines regardless of the nature of the discipline. Also, hedges ranked first on the list of frequency count. Furthermore, there was a decreasing pattern in the use of stance markers highlighting a convergence among the scholars of the fields with respect to the totality of the facts established day by day. Then, some implications are drawn with plausible applicability in academic writing and EAP syllabus design.

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