عبدالباقی رضایی تالارپشتی

As one of the most important literary works written by an American writer, A Farewell to Arms has been studied from the perspective of a variety of critical approaches.  The present study examines this novel from the point of view of trauma studies, especially as discussed by Judith Herman. Hermann divides trauma into several types and proposes three basic steps for the healing process: immunization, recalling and mourning, and reconnecting with life. Using her ideas, this paper concludes that the protagonist of the novel goes through traumatic experiences, whose effect deeply transform his very elemental characteristics. Furthermore, it illustrates how the main character makes an attempt to reconnect with the pre-traumatic society in a doomed way. The reason is attributed to the simple fact that he has not been able to confront and accept trauma and provide a reliable narrative. The main reason for his failure is that he does not go through all the stages Herman believes a trauma survivor should go through to relieve the pain and suffering.

As an important event in the life of a person, childhood trauma demonstrates its aftermath through post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, besides shaping a person’s self-perception and identity. The three main characters in Sharp Objects by Gillian Flynn suffer from multiple categories of trauma, including generational emotional abuse by female abusers. Therefore, it enables the possibility of having a psychoanalytical study of the novel concentrated on childhood trauma in three generations, with the help of trauma studies as elaborated by Judith Herman. This study aims at applying her trauma theory to Flynn’s work in order to unfold the traumatic childhood of its protagonist, Camille Preaker, and two other characters. The study illustrates that Preaker's relationship with her family is affected by memories of emotional neglect and self-harm, and how her identity and relationships have been influenced by trauma. Examining the initial traumatic events can aid in comprehending the characters' conduct, as it is the trauma that influences their social interactions and reactions to circumstances. The research indicates that childhood trauma, particularly emotional abuse from female abusers across generations, has enduring effects on mental health, such as changes in personality and loss of identity.

This s tudy explores traumatic effects and healing in Toni Morrison’s Home based on Cathy Caruth’s theory of trauma. By analyzing the novel’s portrayal of trauma, it inves tigates the manifes tations of trauma, the mechanisms of healing, and the interconnectedness between literary representations and academic trauma theory. The s tudy enhances the unders tanding of the memories of war and s truggles with feelings of guilt and shame. Reviewing exis ting literature, it identifies gaps in the application of Caruth’s concepts in analyzing the novel, emphasizing the need for a more in-depth exploration. The methodology involves applying Caruth’s theories to Morrison’s narrative s trategies, examining fragmentation, belatedness, and repetition related to characters’ traumatic memories and healing. The research ques tions address how Morrison depicts the healing process, the narrative techniques employed to convey trauma effects, and the contribution of literary devices like flashbacks to trauma representation. By bridging trauma theory with literary analysis, the s tudy concluded Morrison’s novel Home indicates the traumatic experiences of Frank Money’s Korean War and racial violence, which not only trigger personal traumas but also reflect his torical traumas affecting African American experiences.

Ecofeminist discourse is experiencing its peak importance with the rise of both feminism and ecocriticism to the summit of cultural and literary studies. Going back and revisiting authors and texts which helped shaping the current cultural forces through ecofeminist lenses may help us understand how nature and femininity both are viewed separately and together. As one of the most prominent and influential figures in horror and science fiction (and perhaps pop culture in general), Howard Phillips Lovecraft presents a thought-provoking portrait of women and femininity in his texts and since nature plays an integral role in worldview, femininity and nature almost blend into a single concept throughout his fiction. This paper intends to analyze the works of H. P. Lovecraft through Ecofeminist lenses and apply the Ecofeminist theory of Mother/Nature, developed by Catherine M. Roach, on Lovecraft’s life and fiction. The researchers intend to find a correlation between the idea of Bad Nature presented by Roach and the almost always evil representation of femininity in H. P. Lovecraft’s fiction.