نگاهی رده شناختی به نظام نوع وجه در زبان ترکی آذری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر در چارچوب دستور نقشگرای نظام مند و بر مبنای رده شناسی نقشگرای نظام مند و مشخصاً تعمیم های رده شناختی متیسن انجام یافته است. این پژوهش کوشیده است با استناد به نمونه هایی برگرفته از اسناد مکتوب متعدد در زبان ترکی آذری از جمله کتاب های دستور و مجموعه داستان ها و نیز نمونه هایی ساختگی، به توصیف رفتارهای رده شناختی نظام نوع وجه در دستور بند ترکی آذری با توجه به تعمیم های رده شناختی متیسن در خصوص آن نظام بپردازد. برخی نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش حاضر نشان می دهد که نظام نوع وجه زبان ترکی آذری (1) هر سه وجه خبری، پرسشی قطبی و امری را دارا است؛ (2) از پرسشی قطبیِ منفی برای بیان سوگیری مثبت گوینده استفاده می کند؛ (3) در رده زبانیِ زبان های برخوردار از مقوله پرسشی پرسشواژه ای جای می گیرد؛ (4) در پرسشی های پرسشواژه ای، تنها مشارک ها و افزوده های حاشیه ای را به عنوان عناصر سؤال پذیر مورد پرسش قرار می دهد؛ (5) به رده زبانی زبان های پرسشواژه در جای اصلی تعلق دارد و (6) وجه امری را از سایر وجوه متمایز می سازد.A Typological Perspective on the System of MOOD TYPE in Azeri Turkic
The present study has been conducted in the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar and on the basis of systemic functional typology, specifically Matthiessen’s typological generalizations. Based on examples taken from various written documents in Azeri Turkic such as grammar books and a series of stories as well as constructed examples, this study aims to describe the typological behaviors of the MOOD TYPE system in the clause structure of Azeri Turkic in terms of Matthiessen’s typological generalizations regarding the MOOD system. Some results of the present study indicate that Azeri Turkic MOOD TYPE system (1) has all the three declarative, polar interrogative, and imperative moods, (2) uses negative polar interrogatives to indicate the speaker’s positive bias, (3) belongs to the ‘languages that have the Wh-interrogative category’ type, (4) queries just the participants and circumstantial adjuncts in the Wh-interrogatives, (5) belongs to the ‘Wh-in-situ languages’ type, and (6) differentiates the imperative mood from the other mood types. Introduction This study, conducted within the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar and based on Matthiessen’s (2004) typology of MOOD TYPE system, as a subsystem within the interpersonal metafunction, aims to investigate and describe the MOOD TYPE system in Azeri Turkic, which belongs to the Southwestern branch of Turkic languages, also known as the Western Oghuz group. Grounded in systemic functional typology, this research seeks empirical generalizations applicable across languages. Matthiessen (2004) has developed descriptive generalizations through comparative analysis of the experiential, logical, interpersonal, and textual systems of various languages, identifying typological universals and variations. Following Matthiessen’s claim that these generalizations can be applied to any language within a Systemic Functional Framework, this study explores the realization of the MOOD TYPE system in Azeri Turkic. Data was collected from diverse sources, including short story collections, academic articles, grammar books on Azeri Turkic, and original examples provided by the researcher. The paper is structured into five sections: introduction, review of related literature, theoretical framework, analysis of MOOD TYPE in Azeri Turkic, and concluding remarks presenting the findings. Literature Review This section reviews several studies on the clause type system, including Mirahmadi’s (2004) Systemic Functional analysis of Persian mood types, Pahlavannajhad & Vazirnejad’s (2004) stylistic study of mood types in Zoya Pirzad’s novel, Najm’s (2008) cross-linguistic comparison of English and Arabic imperatives and exclamatives, Figuerdo’s (2010) description of Portuguese mood types, and traditional grammatical studies on Azerbaijani Turkish by Li (1996), Ahmadi Givi (2004), Dehqani (2000), and Zahedi & Bayan (2008). Unlike previous studies, this research contributes to Systemic Functional Typology by analyzing mood types in Azeri Turkic through a functional lens, aiming to determine whether Matthiessen’s descriptive generalizations can be effectively applied to this language. Results The findings of the present study show that Azeri Turkic identifies four major mood types—declarative, polar interrogative, content interrogative (Wh-questions), and imperative. This confirms Matthiessen’s generalization that declarative, polar interrogative, and imperative clauses are universal, while the presence of content interrogatives places Azeri Turkic among languages that distinguish this category. Polar interrogatives in Azeri Turkic appear in both biased and unbiased forms, marked by particles such as ɒjɒ ‘whether’ for neutral questions and mæjær, mæjæ, bæjæ , or bæ ‘don't/doesn't, didn't’ for biased questions. These markers typically appear at the beginning of the clause, contradicting Matthiessen’s generalization that such particles occur at the end in SOV languages. Additionally, polar interrogatives may be unmarked but distinguished by falling intonation. Content interrogatives are used to inquire about specific elements and are marked by Wh-words such as cim ‘who’, hɒrɒ ‘where’, and nijæ ‘why’. These clauses are clearly differentiated from declaratives through question words and rising intonation, aligning Azeri Turkic with typologically similar languages like English and Japanese, where content and polar interrogatives form a distinct mood type separate from declaratives. In terms of word order, Azeri Turkic follows the canonical position of Wh-elements within the clause rather than fronting them, placing it in the typological category of "Wh-in-situ" languages alongside Persian, Chinese, and Japanese, as opposed to English, French, and German. In Azeri Turkic, as in Persian and English, the imperative mood is marked by the absence of an overt subject, which is usually implied. Unlike in languages such as Mandarin Chinese and Hebrew, where negation in imperatives differs morphologically from declaratives, Azeri Turkic —similar to Persian and English—uses the same negative form across both imperative and non-imperative clauses. This indicates a syntactic independence between the imperative mood and the system of polarity in Azeri Turkic. Another typological feature of imperative clauses is the realization of speech functions relative to the speaker-listener relationship. Azeri Turkic, like German, Persian, and English, offers more delicate choices within the imperative mood to express politeness. For instance, all three languages can use polar interrogatives to represent polite commands. Conclusion This study was an effort to describe the MOOD TYPE system in Azeri Turkic within a Systemic Functional Typological Framework. Drawing on diverse sources—including short story collections, academic articles, grammar books on Azeri Turkic, and the researcher's linguistic intuition—the study demonstrates that the MOOD TYPE system in Azeri Turkic: includes the three universal mood types: declarative, polar interrogative, and imperative. uses negative polar interrogatives to express the speaker’s positive bias. allows polar interrogatives to be expressed in declarative structure, without any formal marking other than intonation. belongs to the typological category of languages that distinguish content interrogatives (Wh-questions). questions only about participants and peripheral adjuncts—not processes—as interrogative elements in Wh-questions. is classified typologically as a "Wh-in-situ" language, where question words remain in their canonical position rather than being fronted. clearly distinguishes the imperative mood from other mood types. typically omits the addressee (second person) as an unmarked feature in imperative clauses. treats the imperative mood and the system of polarity independently, with no morphological distinction between negative forms in imperatives and non-imperatives. can metaphorically express the speech function of command through polar interrogatives, depending on the social relationship between speaker and listener. Overall, Azeri Turkic exhibits a well-differentiated MOOD TYPE system that aligns with broader systemic functional typological generalizations regarding mood types and their typological variations across languages.
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