گفتمان دولتشهری و تکوین اندیشه سیاسی در یونان باستان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تلاش برای رمزگشایی از پیچیدگی های اندیشه سیاسی یونان باستان به عنوان خاستگاه دانش سیاست، همچنان مورد توجه اهل فن است، به طوری که از نظرگاه های مختلف به تدقیق در چگونگی شکل گیری و شرایط ظهور اندیشه سیاسی و ماهیت و چیستی آن در یونان باستان پرداخته شد و بسته به نظام تحلیلی اندیشمندان، عوامل مختلفی چون نظام حکمرانی، فرهنگ و جغرافیا در شکل گیری و برساخت اندیشه سیاسی در یونان باستان اهمیت پیدا می کند. در همین راستا هدف این پژوهش «تحلیل نقش و جایگاه نظام دولتشهری در تکوین اندیشه سیاسی یونان باستان است». سؤال اصلی این پژوهش عبارت است از «ظهور نظام دولتشهری چه تأثیری در شکل گیری اندیشه سیاسی در یونان باستان داشته است؟ فرضیه پژوهش بدین نحو مطرح می شود که: « نظام دولتشهری نه صرفاً به عنوان یک نظام سیاسی بلکه در قامت یک گفتمان مسلط نه تنها به مناسبات سیاسی روزمره در یونان باستان تعین می بخشید؛ بلکه نقشی انکارناپذیر در نضج تفکر سیاسی و ماهیت آن داشته است. به بیان دیگر، اندیشه سیاسی به عنوان یک دانش تاریخی از قواعد چگونگی شکل گیری و تحول در گفتمان ها پیروی می کند». در همین راستا روش شناسی پژوهش شاهد سه مرحله در شکل گیری گفتمان دولتشهری و در نتیجه تکوین اندیشه سیاسی در یونان باستان هستیم. مرحله نخست ظهور بحران در گفتمان سلطنت (مونارک). مرحله دوم شکل گیری و تثبیت گفتمان دولتشهری به عنوان گفتمان هژمون، مرحله سوم مفصل بندی عناصر گفتمانی اندیشه سیاسی که حول یک دال مرکزی (دولتشهر) معنا پیدا می کنند. لازم به ذکر است نگارنده از تحلیل گفتمان به عنوان روش و چارچوب نظری پژوهش بهره می برد.The Polis Discourse and the Evolution of Political Thought in Ancient Greece
Introduction Any attempt to review the history of philosophical thought inevitably begins with ancient Greece. As the cradle of political thought, ancient Greece holds an influential position in the history of political thought. Thus, examining political thought in ancient Greece remains a compelling area of study for historians of political thought. A critical aspect of ancient Greek political thought is its evolution and the elements that influenced its development. Historians of political thought argue that various elements—such as governance systems, culture, and geography—served as key drivers in shaping political thought in ancient Greece. Understanding these elements provides deeper insight not only into ancient Greek political thinking but also into the broader development of Western political thought. In this respect, the present study aimed to analyze the role and significance of the discourse on the polis in the evolution of political thought in ancient Greece. The central question guiding this research is: What influence did the emergence of the polis have on the foundations of thought in ancient Greece? The research is based on the hypothesis that the rise of the polis as a dominant discourse not only influenced daily political relations in ancient Greece but also played a decisive role in the development of political thought as a distinct field of knowledge. In other words, political thought, as a form of historical knowledge, evolved according to the norms of discourse formation and transformation.Materials and MethodsThe current study employed discourse analysis as the methodological approach to explore the underlying logic behind the formation of political thought in ancient Greece.Results and DiscussionAccording to the research methodology, the prevailing discourse of each era significantly shapes its modes of thought. In the monarchical discourse, mythical thinking—shaped by dominant values andnorms—laid the foundation for a specific form of thought known as mythical thought. This discourse constructed methods and models of thinking that would reproduce the dominant discourse. With the transition from the monarchical discourse to the discourse on the polis, it was not only the political order that underwent change but also the entirety of Greek social and political life. Beyond shifts in lifestyle and living models, a new mode of thinking emerged within the polis discourse. This new paradigm marked a shift from mythical to rational thought, emphasizing rationality over instinctual or national aspects of the human. This transformation reshaped the nature of relations between political institutions. As a result, the foundation of political legitimacy and stability moved away from metaphysical or mythical justifications toward an earthly, citizen-centered foundation.ConclusionThis research examined the discourse on the polis in contrast with the discourse of monarchy, outlining several transitional stages from the monarchy to the polis. The first stage involved the crisis and eventual decline of the hegemonic monarchical discourse. The second stage marked the emergence and consolidation of the polis as the new dominant discourse. The third and final stage was characterized by the structuring of the discursive elements of political thought around a central sign, namely the polis itself. With the transition from the discourse of monarchy to that of the polis or city-state, not only did the political order change, but the entire social and political life of the Greeks was transformed. Beyond mere biological changes, a new mode of thinking emerged within the discourse of the polis. In thisA new way of thinking, rational thought gradually replaced mythical thinking, and rationalism led to the emergence of political thought.
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