تبیین جامعه شناختی تأثیر ساختار قدرت در خانواده بر بدبینی اجتماعی با تأکید بر نقش تعدیلگری طبقه اجتماعی (مورد مطالعه شهروندان بالای 18 سال شهر اصفهان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف از نگارش مقالیه حاضر تبیین نظری و تجربی مدل تحلیلی است که در آن تأثیر ساختار قدرت در خانواده به عنوان متغیر مستقل بر بدبینی اجتماعی به عنوان متغیری وابسته با در نظر گرفتن طبقیه اجتماعی به عنوان متغیر تعدیلگر بررسی شده است. چارچوب نظری این پژوهش با استفاده ازنظریه های دارندورف، ترنر، کالینز، کمپر و نظرییه منابع نگاشته شده است. جامعیه آماری در این پژوهش، شهروندان بالای 18 سال شهر اصفهان بودند و حجم نمونه با استفاده از نرم افزار Sample Power 410 نفر برآورد شد. روش تحقیق پیمایشی و شیویه نمونه گیری ترکیبی (خوشه ای دو مرحله ای-دردسترس) و ابزار سنجش پرسش نامیه دارای اعتبار و قابلیت اعتماد بوده است. بدبینی اجتماعی در 4 بُعد فردی، بین فردی، گروهی و نهادی و متغیر ساختار قدرت در خانواده در سه بُعد حوزیه قدرت، تصمیم گیری و شیویه اعمال قدرت و بُعد عینی طبقیه اجتماعی با استفاده ازنظرییه وبر سنجش شده است. اعتبار استفاده شده در این مطالعه اعتبار محتوایی و سازه بوده است. برای سنجش قابلیت اعتماد پرسش نامه از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شده است که مقدار آن برای بدبینی اجتماعی 0.86 و برای ساختار قدرت در خانواده 0.84 به دست آمده است. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که ساختار قدرت در خانواده و طبقیه اجتماعی در جامعیه مطالعه شده تأثیر معناداری بر بدبینی اجتماعی دارد و طبقیه اجتماعی نقش تعدیلگری معناداری در رابطیه ساختار قدرت در خانواده و بدبینی اجتماعی دارد.Sociological Explanation of the Impact of Power Structure in Family on Social Cynicism with Emphasis on the Moderating Role of Social Class (Case Study: Citizens Aged 18 years and Older in Isfahan)
Introduction
Cynicism encompasses a coherent set of beliefs and expectations regarding human behavior, forming a crucial aspect of an individual's overall outlook on human nature. It is characterized by a pessimistic attitude toward the future and unrealistic expectations for oneself and others. Social cynicism, specifically, refers to the widespread belief that individuals and institutions cannot be trusted, suggesting that human nature and the social environment primarily yield negative outcomes. This cynical perspective is often accompanied by a defensive attitude toward others. Individuals who exhibit social cynicism tend to view self-interest as the primary motivator of human behavior, expressing skepticism about the sincerity, virtue, and altruism of others. Such an attitude can pose a significant threat to social cohesion. Studies conducted in Isfahan corroborate this notion, revealing a high level of social cynicism among its citizens. This study aimed to theoretically and empirically develop an analytical model that examined the influence of family power structures (independent variable) on social cynicism (dependent variable), with social class serving as a moderating variable. This issue was significant as it suggested that social cynicism might negatively impact interpersonal and social relationships among citizens. The theoretical framework for this study drew upon the theories of Dahrendorf, Turner, Collins, Kemper, and Weber.
Materials & Methods
This research employed a survey-based approach, targeting citizens aged 18 years and older in Isfahan. A combined two-stage cluster sampling method was utilized to select participants. Drawing on previous studies regarding the socioeconomic status of neighborhoods in Isfahan, these areas were categorized into 6 distinct class levels, each representing a cluster. From each cluster, 4 neighborhoods were chosen to ensure a comprehensive representation of the city and sampling was subsequently conducted within these selected neighborhoods. The sample size calculated using Sample Power software comprised 410 individuals. Variables were operationalized based on prior research, established theories, and interviews. Social cynicism was assessed at 4 levels: individual, interpersonal, group, and societal. The dimensions of family power structure included the nature of power relations, decision-making processes, and methods of exercising power. Meanwhile, social class was evaluated based on income, education, and occupational status. The validity of the questionnaire was established through both content and construct validity and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The findings revealed that 51.5% of respondents were female, while 48.5% were male. Additionally, 67.7% of participants were married and 32.3% were single. In terms of social class, 26.8% of them were identified as upper class, 37.6% as middle class, and 35.6% as lower class. The average score for social cynicism was 3.36, indicating a notable level of cynicism within the studied population. Specifically, the interpersonal level was scored approximately 3.4, while the institutional level reached around 4, reflecting the highest degree of cynicism at the institutional level.
Analysis of the family power structure indicated a preference for a patriarchal system, particularly evident in lower social classes. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant association between greater asymmetry in family power structures and elevated levels of social cynicism among family members.
When examining the relationship between family power structure and social cynicism across different social classes, it was found that in the middle and upper classes, increased family power asymmetry correlated with higher levels of social cynicism. Conversely, this relationship was not significant within the lower class, suggesting the influence of additional factors on cynicism in this group. These factors might overshadow the impact of family power structure, even in families with relatively symmetrical dynamics. This suggested that the effect of family power structure on social cynicism was contingent on social class, thereby underscoring the moderating role of social class in this relationship.
Individuals from lower social classes, due to their subordinate position in the societal hierarchy, were more likely to experience diminished emotional energy and feelings of injustice and deprivation, which were aligned with cynicism. Consequently, even when family power structure was not taken into account, belonging to a lower class could heighten the likelihood of social cynicism, thereby reducing the significance of family power dynamics in this context.
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