مقایسۀ اخلاق جمعی از منظر ابر انسان نیچه و شهسوار ایمان کیر کگور (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نیچه یکی از متفکران رادیکال و بن فکنی است که از رهگذر نقد اخلاق بردگی، اخلاق سروری را که در هیأت و هیبت ابرانسان متجلی و متبلور می شود مطرح می کند. ابرانسان به نزد نیچه، چرخ خودچرخی است که با پشت پا زدن به ارزشهای واپسین انسان و اخلاق بردگی مترتب بر آن، ارزشهای مترتب بر اخلاق سروری را که دربرگیرنده مؤلفه هایی چون تکینگی، آفرینندگی و خودآیینی است متحقق می کند. کیرکگور نیز به مثابه متفکری فردگرا و سیستم ستیز در تلاش است که همچون نیچه، تکنیگی؛ فردیت، کنشگری و گزینشگری آدمی را از چنگال نظام های متصلب اخلاقی و اجتماعی رها و آزاد کند. یافته پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در مقام مقایسه و تطبیق آراء نیچه و کیرکگور، می توان این سخن را به میان آورد که به رغم شباهت دیدگاه نیچه و کیرکگور در باب ضرورت رهایی و خلاصی فردیت و تکینگی آدمی از چنگال اخلاق، جامعه و فرهنگ، سورن کیرکگور بر خلاف نیچه که متفکری طبیعت گرا و زمینی است، از منظر و موضعی ایمانی سعی در احیاء اگزیستانس(هستی منحصر به فرد و تکرارناپذیر آدمی)، شور و عاملیت و فاعلیت آدمی دارد.Comparing Collective Morality from the Perspective of Nietzsche's Superhuman and Kierkegaard's Knight of Faith
A radical thinker, Nietzsche proposes that slave morality is crystallized in the superhuman being through criticism of slave morality. According to Nietzsche, the superhuman is a self-revolving wheel that, by stepping behind the slave morality, realizes the values related to the slave morality, which include components such as singularity and self-discipline. As an individualistic anti-philosopher, Kierkegaard tries to free man from the clutches of rigid moral and social systems, like Nietzsche. The findings indicate that in terms of comparing and adapting the views of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, which was done by using the comparative method, it can be said that despite the similarity of Nietzsche's and Kierkegaard's views on the necessity of emancipation and liberation of singularity. The singularity of man from the clutches of morality, society, and culture, Kierkegaard tries to revive existence (the unique and unrepeatable being of man), passion, agency, and efficacy of man, unlike Nietzsche, who is a naturalistic and earthly thinker, from the perspective and position of faith. Keywords: Superhuman, morality, leap of faith, the last man Introduction As a radical and critical thinker, Nietzsche proposes slave morality by introducing master morality. In Nietzsche's master morality and superhuman, man becomes the creator of his values. Nietzsche's superhuman is a hard-working, risk-taking, adventurous, and noble person who throws his passion far beyond his reach. According to Nietzsche, Christianity and the modern world are two sides of the same coin because both of them suppress the passionate and active spirit of a person by clinging to slave morality. Just like Nietzsche, Kierkegaard is concerned about the liberating man from the clutches of anti-individualism systems, and by criticizing moral and social life, which is synonymous with the loss of human singularity, he tries to put forward a new type of man under the title of the knight of faith. The typical approach of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard can be summed up in the fact that both thinkers are trying to strengthen human agency and promote human singularity as a special and unique value by honoring the character of human activity. It is necessary to mention that Nietzsche tries to transition from slave morality to the end of man by proposing the concept of the superhuman, which is an earthly and temporal concept, while Kierkegaard tries to transition from the moral sphere from a religious perspective. In this essay, it is attempted to analyze Nietzsche's and Kierkegaard's opinions and ideas about concepts such as morality, superhuman, and leap of faith. The superhuman and the knight of faith should be examined and evaluated as the mediators of morality. Materials One of the leading and fundamental goals of this research is to show as well as to rely on and emphasize the typical approach of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard in their opposition to totalism and collective morality, and as a result, giving importance to singularity, singularity, and human agency. Also, one of the other goals of the research is to focus on the points of difference between Nietzsche's and Kierkegaard's views. In this research, it was emphasized that although Nietzsche and Kierkegaard try to remove the singularity and unique and unrepeatable existence of man. However, the fact is that Kierkegaard is trying to revive the singularity of man from a religious point of view, but Nietzsche, from a naturalistic and earthly point of view, tries to recover and re-examine the singularity of human beings. Methodology In this study, Nietzsche's and Kierkegaard's opinions and thoughts on morality were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical research method. Next, the similarities and differences between their thoughts on morality were discussed via the comparative method. Results The present study aims to do a comparative research of Nietzsche's and Kierkegaard's views via the critique of modern morality, which is th
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