«پدیدارشناسی پویا و تحول معنایی در دین پژوهی» (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نینیان اسمارت با رویکردی پدیدار شناختی به مطالعه دین پرداخته و تمایزاتی اساسی میان پدیدارشناسی کلاسیک و پدیدارشناسی نوین در پژوهش های دینی قائل است. وی نقش مهمی در گسترش مطالعات فلسفه دین در بیرون از سلطه الهیات مسیحی داشته و تلاش کرد با نگرشی جامع تر به دین و کارکردهای دین بپردازد. پدیدارشناسی نوین با زیست جهان های دینی سروکار دارد و می کوشد تا بجای صرف مطالعات انتزاعی دین، به فهم و تحلیل رویکردهای واقعی زندگی، دین، نقش اجتماعی و فرهنگی و تاریخی آن دست زند. در این مقاله میخواهیم علاوه بر تبیین بنیان های پدیدارشناسی نوین، اهمیت گسست فکری از سیطره الهیات مسیحی در دین پژوهی را نشان داده و جایگاه چنین شیوه ای از مطالعات دین در جوامع را تبیین نماییم. وی در مطالعات دینی و ضرورت گذار از آن، با ذات گرایی به مخالفت می پردازد؛ همچنین وی با رویکرد تحویل گرایی ادیان و تجربه ها به دینی واحد با تجربه مسیحی مخالفت دارد. ما میخواهیم تا ابتدا پدیدارشناسی دین را شرح دهیم، سپس تفاوت های اصلی دو نوع آنرا بیان کرده و سرانجام اهمیت روش اسمارت در فلسفه دین جدید را آشکار ساخته و بر فهم اسمارت بر تعریف دین نیز نقد وارد سازیم.“Dynamic Phenomenology And Semantic Evolution In Religious Studies”
Ninian Smart studies religion with a phenomenological approach and makes fundamental distinctions between classical phenomenology and modern phenomenology in religious research. He played an important role in expanding the studies of the philosophy of religion outside the domain of Christian theology and tried to deal with religion and its functions with a more comprehensive approach. Modern phenomenology deals with the life of religious worlds and tries to understand and analyze the real approaches to life, religion, its social, cultural and historical role instead of just studying religion abstractly. In this article, in addition to explaining the foundations of modern phenomenology, we want to show the importance of an intellectual break from the dominance of Christian theology in religious studies and explain the place of such a method of studying religion in societies. He opposes essentialism in religious studies and its necessity; also, he opposes the approach of delivering religions and experiences to a single religion with Christian experience. We want to first describe the phenomenology of religion, then state the main differences between its two types, and finally reveal the importance of Smart's method in the philosophy of new religion and criticize Smart's understanding of the definition of religion. Keywords: Modern Phenomenology, Religion, Cultures and Lives, Epistemological Transition, Ninian Smart. Introduction: Roderick Ninian Smart: (Roderick Ninian Smart. 1927-2001) is a pioneer in dynamic phenomenological theology. His book titled "Religions of the World" which was published in 1989 is one of his most important works in the study of religion in the new era. Ninian Smart is one of the opponents of essentialism in the study of religion and belief in the existence of essential truth in all religions, as well as the philosophical analysis of religious experience and the relationship between beliefs and experiences. Smart proposed a bipolar theory of religious experience based on the distinction between two general doctrinal contexts, that is, theistic and non-theistic contexts. (Smart, 1997, 3); In addition, he believes in different degrees of interpretation in religious experiences under these two general contexts and defends a kind of minimal constructionism. Smart is against essentialism in the study of religion and denies the existence of a common essence (in a reductionist way) in religions, and perhaps for this reason, he opposes the integration of religions in the sense of reducing all religions to a single religion such as Christianity, although he accepts commonalities and similarities in religions. Smart believes that each religion has its own different and unique structure. He believes that all beliefs and ideas can be considered as religion. (Levine, 1997, 12-13); Accordingly, he believes that in order to have a correct delineation of religion, we must explore cultures, ideologies, lives and civilizations. Materials & Methods: 2.1. Dynamic phenomenology Smart has designed a new approach in religious studies with the "Religious-Cultural Context" and its fundamental impact on experience. In the light of this perspective, he tries to distance himself from traditional theology and turn to new research in religious studies. He calls this type of research on religion historical, comparative and according to its definition, intercultural and interdisciplinary as well as phenomenological and empathetic approach and presents it in the form of an analytical model. In this study, he presents the six fields of religion, which are somehow connected with each other. Smart's researches during the fifty years of the second half of the 20th century, caused him to give a new perspective on the study of religion, which he calls "Modern Study Of Religion". According to Smart, this type of study has differences with the traditional and classic type of religion study. 2.2. The main objective Smart says that the
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