بررسی و نقد رویکردهای زبانی در دیوان غزالی مشهدی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پس از قرن نهم، تغییراتی در زمینه کاربرد لغات، ترکیبات و همچنین نحو شعر فارسی پدیدار شد و سبک تازه ای به وجود آمد که بعدها به «سبک هندی» موسوم شد. یکی از شاعرانی که بر اساس یافته های این تحقیق می توان گفت، مؤلّفه های زبانی این سبک در شعر او نمود برجسته ای دارد، غزالی مشهدی، شاعر معروف قرن دهم است. در برخی از منابع متأخّر، غزالی را شاعری فصیح، با اشعاری روان و رسا دانسته اند. این تحقیق به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به بررسی برخی ویژگی های پرکاربرد زبانی، در دیوان این شاعر پرداخته است. باید گفت در دیوان غزالی برخی رویکردها در استفاده از عناصر زبانی دیده می شود که با معیارهای فصاحت کلام که در کتب بلاغی ذکر شده است، مطابقت ندارند؛ از این جمله باید به تقدیم و تأخیر اجزای کلام، لغزش های نحوی و کاربرد نادرست برخی حروف اشاره کرد. از سوی دیگر باید گفت شاعر در کاربرد افعال و ترکیبات وصفی و اضافی، نوآوری هایی داشته که دایره مضامین و مفاهیم شعر او را گسترده تر کرده است.Review of linguistic approaches in the Divan of Ghazali Mashhadi
After the ninth century, alterations occurred in the use of words and combinations as well as the syntax of Persian poetry, which led to the creation of a new style that later became known as the Indian style. Based on the findings of this research, the linguistic components of this style are prominent in Ghazali Mashhadi’s poetry. Some later sources have considered Ghazali an eloquent poet with fluent and expressive poems. This descriptive-analytical study has examined some of the most widely used linguistic features in this poet's divan. It should be said that in Ghazali's divan, there are some approaches in the use of linguistic elements that do not comply with the criteria of eloquence mentioned in rhetorical books. These include the Complication of word elements, slip of the Grammatical, and the misuse of some letters. On the other hand, it should be said that the poet had innovations in the use of verbs and adjective-noun combinations that have expanded the range of themes and concepts of his poetry.
Introduction
From the tenth century AH, the Indian subcontinent became one of the most important centers for the development of Persian poetry. During the tenth to thirteenth centuries, many speakers in the subcontinent turned into poetry which had a great influence on the style of Persian speech. One of the poets of the recent group is Ghazali Mashhadi. "Ghazali was born in the year nine hundred and thirty AH in the holy city of Mashhad, where he went to Qazvin in his youth and spent some time in the camp of Shah Tahmasb Safavid" (Golchin Maani, 933:1991). According to the author of the Tazkhireh-i Majma‘ al-Khavas, Ghazali was forced to leave Iran due to religious prejudices. "Since they tried to kill him for atheism and disobedience in Iraq, he escaped to Deccan" (Budauni,170:1869). As the author of the Haft iqlīm wrote after entering Deccan, "he was not lucky enough, and inevitably, Ali-Qoli Khan sent a person with a few horses and a thousand rupees to him, begged for his companionship, and Ghazali spent many years with the Khan and became a poet laureate. Sometime after, he suddenly passed away and was buried in Gujarat." (Razi, 1951, 729).
There is no explicit information about the poetic style and technical characteristics of Ghazali's words in the existing memoirs. Walah Daghistani only referred to his wisdom and knowledge "He was aware of the facts and knowledge" (Walah Daghistani, 2012: 1002). Among these, for the first time, Zabihullah Safa has commented on Ghazali's eloquence.
"Strength and coherence along with fluency of speech and explicit meaning are the characteristics of Ghazali's speech in all types of his poetry. Throughout his poems, his speech is firm and elegant and at the same time fluent and clear” (Safa,1994: 704). This research seeks to answer two basic questions. First, to investigate what factors have disturbed the eloquence of Ghazali Mashhadi’s poetry? And which of these factors is more prominent in al-Ghazali's poetry?
1.1. Research Methodology
This research is based on descriptive-analytical method. In this regard, each verse of Al-Ghazali's Divan has been studied from a lexical point of view. Then the special items in each field are written on separate sheets. Finally, based on the content analysis approach, they are examined and analyzed in terms of language uses.
Discussion
Detailed content has been written in rhetorical books about the criteria of eloquence as well as what factors interfere with the eloquence of words and speech. Sa'ad al-Din Al-Taftazani has considered the most important of these factors at the level of words and phrases, letter cacophony, strangeness of usage, opposition to analogy and weakness of authorship (cf. Taftazani,1991: 14).
In this research, the linguistic and syntactic approaches of Ghazali Mashhadi have been studied based on these components. If we examine Ghazali's poetry according to the syntactic criteria of the Persian language, we will see cases contrary to analogy. The first factor disrupting the eloquence of al-Ghazali's poetry is slips and grammatical inaccuracies, i.e. he did not observe the harmony of the adjective and the subject in terms of singular and plural form. Also, altering the components of the compound verb has caused ambiguity of the word in some cases. The second is the introduction and delay seen in the application of the components of the word. Submission and delay in speech means that the components of speech are not in place according to the logical syntax of language. In rhetorical books, this way of presenting the word is called weakness of authorship. Therefore, according to the rhetoricians, it is one of the positions that disturbs the eloquence of the word. Introduction and delay in any speech can be considered from two perspectives. The first is in terms of the frequency of repetition of this method and the second is the effect that can have on the complexity of the content of the speech. In general, it can be said that the frequency of such poems, which are accompanied by verbal complexity, is high in Ghazali's divan, for this reason, it has disturbed the eloquence and mentality of the poet's words more than other cases. It should be said that the Indian style has features that are less seen in other periods of Persian poetry.
One of these features is negligence and sometimes slips that entered Persian poetry conceptually. In Ghazali's poetry, we can also see cases of these slips that are not compatible with the semantic logic of words and have no effect on the meaning of the word. Rather, it can be said that they cause confusion and ambiguity in the meaning of his poetry. Another linguistic approach of Ghazali that influences the eloquence and mentality of his poetry is the way some letters are used. These approaches can be reviewed from two perspectives.
First, he sometimes uses letters superfluously and without affecting the meaning of the word. Secondly, it is sometimes seen that the letters are not used correctly and properly. That is, the meaning desired by the reader is not received from them. From another perspective, one of the valuable aspects of Al-Ghazali's poetry is its approaches to the use of certain verbs and combinations. These approaches can be divided into three categories. The first approach is to make changes to the structure of verbs and metaphorical compounds, or to use a new structure. The second approach is to invent new verbs by combining simple interactions with some words. The third approach is to employ some verbs in new concepts without changing their structure.
Conclusion
In some recent authoritative sources, Ghazali Mashhadi has been considered a poet who has an eloquent and fluent language. However, based on the findings of this study, many cases can be found in his poetry that do not meet the criteria of eloquence in rhetorical books. Among these, it is necessary to point out some syntactic slips that have weakened the author in his words. Also, the way some letters are used is such that sometimes it is superfluous and the appropriate meaning is not deduced from the content of the word. In addition, the introduction and delay that can be seen in the wording and arrangement of words, in addition to causing stagnation and slowness in presenting the themes, has sometimes created confusion and ambiguity in conveying the poet's intent. Also, in some cases, content slips can be seen in the meanings and themes of his poems. Based on this, it can be said that the claim that Ghazali has an eloquent and fluent language is not true for all of his poems. From another perspective, due to the changes in the structure of compounds and verbs of language, he has succeeded in creating new meanings and themes, which has expanded the range of themes and meanings of his words.
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