پی بست های ضمیری در زبان فارسی از نگاه صرف توزیعی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
به باور شقاقی (1394) گونه آزاد پی بست ضمیری، یعنی ضمایر منفصل، می توانند در جایگاه هسته گروه اسمی قرار بگیرند؛ اما گونه واژه بستی آنها چنین قابلیتی ندارد. این در حالی است که اگر میزبان حرف اضافه باشد، ضمیر می تواند در جایگاه هسته گروه اسمی قرار گیرد. با توجه به این مسئله، پژوهش حاضر می کوشد تا با استفاده از نظریه صرف توزیعی، به تحلیل فرایند شکل گیری ضمایر منفصل و متصل و ماهیت ضمایر متصل به اسم، حرف اضافه و فعل بپردازد، تا در پرتو آن بتواند دلیل وجود چنین رفتار دوگانه ای را بیابد. این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام می گیرد و فرضیه های آن با استفاده از استدلال های نظری و شواهد زبانی به بوته آزمایش قرار داده می شود. فرضیه اصلی این پژوهش آن است که رفتار متفاوت ضمایر متصل، ریشه در ماهیت و جایگاه ساختاری ویژه آنها دارد؛ در این زمینه همچنین فرضیه وجود نشانه «M» نیز مطرح می گردد؛ این نشانه که حاصل ادغام صرفی میان تکواژ پایه و ضمیر است بر روی هسته ضمیر متصل هویدا می گردد. یافته های این پژوهش ضمن اثبات وجود نشانه «M»، تمایز ساختاری و ماهیتی ضمایر متصل به میزبان های مختلف را تأیید می کند.Pronominal Clitics in Persian: A Distributed Morphology Approach
Persian independent pronouns can be considered as the head of noun phrases) Shaghaghi, 2015). However, the head of the noun phrase with a prepositional phrase (preposition + pronominal clitic) can be occupied by a pronominal clitic. To deal with this dual behavior, we adopt distributed morphology, developed by Halle & Marantz (1993), to analyze the internal structure of dependent pronouns or pronominal clitics. This research draws upon descriptive-analytical method, and the data come from Persian language. In this paper, theoretical arguments as well as linguistic evidence will be employed to examine the hypotheses. We suggest that the so-called “pronominal clitics” are actually different elements with different semantic features and structural relationships. Finally, we argue that the (M) index, as a secondary product of morphological merger (Merger) between the two heads, is supposed to be the distinctive element of the dependent pronouns, not of the independent pronouns.
Keywords: Clitics, Distributed Morphology, pronominal clitics, Object agreement, Morphological merger
Introduction
The present paper intends to examine the nature of Persian pronominal clitics or dependent personal pronouns within the framework of distributed morphology. Independent personal pronouns can appear at the head position of a noun phrase. However, it is not true for their clitic forms unless their host be a preposition phrase, wherein that the pronominal clitics can function as the head of the noun phrase. This points to the underlying distinctions between dependent personal pronouns. The present research is grounded upon the very behaviors of pronouns and intends to describe the content features and internal structure of the dependent pronouns.
Materials and methods
In the framework of generative grammar, the intuition of native speakers is an important criterion to judge the well-formedness of sentences. It is thus understood that research into different structures of a language can be based on the intuition of a competent native speaker of the language in question. The data for analysis were collected based on the intuition of one of the co-authors which were then reviewed and confirmed by other members of the research team. In the next step, data obtained were analyzed for descriptive goals related to clitics in Persian language and were then explained on the basis of Distributed morphology framework. Distributed morphology is a post syntactic framework developed by Halle and Marantz (1993). It assumes that there is no generative lexicon, and the formal features are solely restored in a basic storage. According to Marantz (1998), this non-generative storage (which Marantz calls “pure lexicon”) does not participate in the word formation process. In this theory, the other functions of the generative lexicon are now distributed along the syntactic, morphological and phonological components. In Marantz’s (1998) approach, the output of the computational system would be manipulated across the morphological component. In other words, the morphological operations that apply at the post-syntactic level can modify the structure mainly before the phonological component. Furthermore, Bobaljik (2008) argues that agreement features are assigned post-syntactically. In this descriptive analytic research, we mainly use this framework to investigate the nature of pronominal clitics in Persian
Discussion of results and conclusion
This paper is intended to analyze the internal structure and nature of morphemes known as pronominal clitics. These morphemes are attached to different hosts including nouns, prepositions and verbs. We are also aimed at finding out if they possess the same content feature. Considering this inquiry is significant from two perspectives: Firstly, the research in this area claims that one of the most important features that places the pronominal clitics in the category of Clitics is their ability to connect to different hosts. If the analysis shows that the content feature of these elements are different in structures with discrepant hosts, they can no longer be categorized as clitics. Secondly, the dual behavior and the morphological peculiarities that have been shown in combination of “base + pronominal clitic” indicate the underlying distinctions between dependent personal pronouns. Such questions lie at the bedrock of suggesting (M) index. It is assumed that this index, considered as a secondary product of morphological merger between two heads, is the distinguishing factor between dependent and independent forms of pronouns. To examine the explanatory efficiency of the (M) index, we investigated the performance of this index in the reflexive structures with local dislocation and some noun phrases. Finally, the current research investigated the structural position of the dependent pronouns attached to verbs and their structural relation to the agreement mechanism; In this part, we describe the content feature and internal structure of these pronouns. The important issue regarding these elements is that these pronominal systems really resemble affixation more than clitic systems.
Within the framework of distributed morphology, it was found that the dependent personal pronouns attached to nouns, verbs, and prepositions are separate elements with different content features and internal structures. The dependent personal pronouns can also be placed first before other morphemes making thus pronouns closer to the stem. In fact, the findings of this research indicate that these pronominal systems do not really resemble clitic systems.
تبلیغات
