دراسة الاستعارات المفهومية في لغة المكتوبات على شواهد القبور (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
إن الاستعاره المفهومیه عباره عن إدراک حقل مفهومی یعرف بالهدف من خلال إدراک حقل مفهومی آخر یُعرف بالمصدر. یُشکل حقل المصدر عبر عملیه التخطیط، وتُسمّى البنى المفهومیه بمخطّطات الصوره، والتی تربط فهم غیر المنظور بالشیء المنظور. لمخطّطاتِ الصوره أنواع مختلفه، ومن أهمّها مخطّطات الحرکه، والاتجاه، والقوه، والأنطولوجی. إن قسما من الأدب الشعبی متأثر بفقدان الأحبه والأعزاء ویصور المواضع الخاصه عن ظاهره الموت. تعد المکتوبات على شواهد القبور من هذه الأوعیه الشعبیه التی تحمل جانبا معینا بفضائل الشخصیات ومکارمها، وتعکس مظاهر اجتماعیه ودینیه ولغویه من مختلف العصور التی کتبت فیها. قد تمیّزت بنیه هذه المکتوبات بالتنوع فی الأسالیب اللغویه، بما تتضمنه من استعارات مفهومیه. وما یهمنا هنا هو دراسه بعض الاستعارات المفهومیه التی کتبت على شواهد القبور العربیه، للکشف عن أهم الحقول المبدئیه المستخدمه فی هذه المکتوبات واستخراج أبرز مخطّطات صورها. أظهرت النتائج أن الاستعاره المفهومیه فی المکتوبات على شواهد القبور تفهم بانتقال التصورات الذهنیه من حقل المصدر (التصورات الأکثر حسیه وملموسه)، إلى حقل الهدف (الموت)، فی انسجام استعاری یصنعه الکاتب على شواهد القبور حتى تکون التصورات الذهنیه محسوسه للمتلقی، وأن المخطّط الحرکی (32%)، والمخطّط الاتجاهی (28%)، من أبرز مخطّطات الصوره فی المکتوبات علی شواهد القبور.A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in the Language of Writings on Tombstones
The conceptual domain refers to any mental organization of human experience. The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, often based on their own perceptions, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to the neural mappings in the brain. The conceptual metaphor theory proposed by George Lakoff and his colleagues arose from linguistics but became of interest to cognitive scientists due to its claims about the mind and the brain. The main claim Lakoff makes in this respect is that metaphors are a matter not only of language but of thought in the first place. Metaphorical expressions in languages are manifestations of our thinking which is fundamentally metaphorical. Metaphor is not a mere stylistic or rhetorical figure, but a major and indispensable part of our ordinary, conventional way of conceptualizing the world.
Lakoff asserts that human thinking works effortlessly thanks to metaphorical thinking, but psychological research has found that metaphors are actually more difficult to process than non-metaphoric expressions. Furthermore, when metaphors lose their novelty and become conventionalized, they eventually lose their status of being metaphors and become processed like ordinary words. Therefore, the role of the conceptual metaphor in organizing human thinking is more limited than what was claimed by the linguists.
According to cognitive metaphor theory, metaphors originate in a process of “phenomenological embodiment”. They are formed when perceptual and sensory experiences from an embodied source domain, such as pushing, pulling, supporting, balance, straight-curved, near-far, front-back, and high-low, are used to represent abstract entities in a target domain. Cognitive metaphor theory is capable of explaining universal aspects of language and culture as well as cultural variation. While languages’ phenomenological foundations are universal, societies and social groups differ in terms of the associations they make between conceptual metaphors and abstract target domains. In other words, different societies and groups use different sets of metaphors to construct and interpret social reality in different ways. Cognitive metaphor theory for social research implies that studying the distribution of metaphors in natural language can reveal how common sense is constructed and negotiated within groups. Cognitive linguists themselves have studied the metaphors used in natural language. For instance, Lakoff studied the metaphors related to security used in political discourse. He developed a rhetorical approach to metaphor, known as critical metaphor analysis, which draws on the methodologies and perspectives developed in cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics, and critical linguistics. He used the approach to examine metaphors from the domains of political rhetoric, press reporting, religion, and the communications of a wide range of political leaders.
Conceptual metaphor is the perception of a conceptual field known as intent through the perception of another conceptual field. The field of principle is formed through the process of planning, and the conceptual structures called image schemas link the understanding of the unseen to the visible. There are different types of image schemas, the most important of which are the kinetic, directional, force, and ontological schemas. A part of oral literature is affected by the loss of loved ones and depicts special topics about the phenomenon of death. The writings on tombstones are one of popular vessels that bear a certain aspect of the virtues and honors of the characters and reflect social, religious, and linguistic aspects from the various eras in which they were written. When we look at the writings on tombstones, we find that they are characterized by diversity in linguistic styles, including the conceptual metaphors they contain. What concerns us here is to study some of the conceptual metaphors that were written on tombstones to reveal the most important initial fields used in these writings and extract the most prominent schemas of their images. The results showed that conceptual metaphors in the writings on tombstones are understood by the transfer of mental representations from the field of principle (the most sensual and tangible perceptions) to the field of goal (death) in a metaphorical harmony created by the writer on the tombstones so that the mental representations are perceptible to the recipient and that the motor schema (32%) and the directional schema (28%) are the most prominent image schema in the inscriptions on tombstones.