بازخوانی صحنه روایی مصور برروی بشقاب گلابه ای رنگارنگ منسوب به نیشابور بر پایه مطالعات قوم باستان شناسی
آرشیو
چکیده
مطالعه سفالینه های گلابه ای رنگارنگ به دلیل نقوش منحصربه فرد همواره موردتوجه پژوهشگران مختلف بوده است. طی چند دهه گذشته محققان با رویکردهای متفاوت نقوش سفالینه های فوق را مورد مطالعه قرار داده اند. باوجود پژوهش های صورت گرفته در راستای بازخوانی و تفسیر نقوش، هم چنان ابهامات و چالش ها به قوت خود باقی است. یکی از چالش های موجود در تفسیر نقوش سفالینه های گلابه ای رنگارنگ، صحنه روایی مصور برروی بشقابی ا ست که در موزه هنر «نلسون اتکینز» نگه داری می شود. پژوهشگران در پژوهش های خود با توجه به متون تاریخی برای تفسیر نقش بشقاب فوق نظرات ناهمگونی را ارائه کرده اند که گمان می رود تفاسیر آن ها دارای اشکالات اساسی است. این چنین به نظر می رسد که مطالعه متون تاریخی به تنهایی راه گشا برای تفسیر صحنه روایی فوق نیست و باید از مطالعات علوم میان رشته ای کمک گرفته شود، تا در پژوهشی مجزا و با استفاده از مطالعات قوم باستان شناسی صحنه روایی این ظرف مورد مطالعه و بازبینی قرار گیرد. نگارندگان در این پژوهش بر آن هستند تا با پیگیری کهن الگوها در بستر جغرافیای تولید سفالینه های گلابه ای رنگارنگ که دامنه مطالعات آن، خطه خراسان را دربر می گیرد، صحنه روایی بشقاب را موردمطالعه قرار دهند. برای نیل به این هدف، نگارندگان از مطالعات قوم باستان شناسی و مستندات تاریخی برای تفسیر آن بهره گرفته اند. روش پژوهش جستار پیشِ رو کتابخانه ای با رویکرد تاریخی، تحلیلی-تطبیقی است. درراستای هدف فوق، پرسش هایی نظیر: مفهوم صحنه روایی بشقاب گلابه ای رنگارنگ مورد بحث چیست؟ مطالعات قوم باستان شناسی تا چه حد در تفسیر صحنه روایی مصور برروی این ظرف قابل تطبیق است؟ مطرح شده است. برآیند حاصل از پژوهش تطبیقی مطالعات قوم باستان شناسی و مستندات تاریخی این ا ست که مضمون صحنه روایی منقوش بر بشقاب، مراسم آئینی طلب باران و آب از ایزد بانوی آناهیتا و تیشتر است که امروزه در خطه خراسان با تغییراتی در نحوه اجرای مراسم برگزار می گردد.Re-Interpretation Illustrated Polychrome Decoration Under Transparent Glaze Attributed to Neishabur (Based on Ethnoarcheaology)
In the study of slipware colorful pottery, it has always been the focus of various researchers due to its unique motifs. During the past few decades, researchers have studied the patterns of the above pottery with different approaches. Despite the researches that have been carried out in the direction of rereading and interpreting the motifs, there are still ambiguities and challenges. One of the challenges in the interpretation of Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze pottery patterns is the illustrated illustration on a plate that is kept in the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art. In their research, according to historical texts, researchers have presented different opinions regarding the role of the above plate, and it is believed that their interpretations have fundamental problems. It seems that the study of historical texts alone is not a solution to the interpretation of the above illustration, and interdisciplinary science studies should be used to investigate the illustration of this container in a separate research using ethno-archaeological studies. Study and review. In this research, the Authors are of the opinion that by following the archetypes in the geographical context of the production of Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze pottery, the study scope of which includes the Khorasan region; to study the illustration of the plate, in order to achieve this goal, the Authors have used ethnographic studies and historical documents to interpret it. The research method of the upcoming research is a library with a comparative historical-analytical approach. In line with the above goal, questions such as what is the concept of the illustration of the colorful goblet plate? It has been proposed to what extent ethno-archaeological studies can be applied in the interpretation of the illustrated illustration on this dish. The result of the comparative research of ethno-archaeological studies and historical documents is that the theme of the illustration engraved on the plate is the ritual ceremony of asking for rain and water from the goddess Anahita and Tishtar, which is held today in the Khorasan region with changes in the way the ceremony is performed.
Keywords: Pottery, Neishabur, Polychrome Decoration Under Transparent Glaze, Ethnoarcheaology, Asking for Rain.
Introduction
Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze pottery was produced in the 3rd and 4th centuries AH and parallel to the Samanian rule in northeastern Iran, which are very prolific and diverse in terms of motifs. A samples of these pottery is kept in the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art. By analyzing historical texts, researchers have proposed interpretations for the illustration engraved on this plate. Despite the studies conducted with different approaches by different researchers, there are still uncertainties about the identity of human motifs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and analyze the identity of the human motifs depicted on the plate in a separate research using ethno-archaeological studies along with reviewing historical texts. Therefore, the aim of the Authors in this research is to study the illustration of plate by examining historical texts and archetypes in the geography of the production of Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze pottery, the scope of which includes the Khorasan region.
In the background of the plate, there are nested circles in black with oval motifs and blue-green with circular motifs. The central motifs are three human body performing a special ceremony. The two human body have two two-branched wings on their shoulders, which are hanging down, and according to the clothes they are wearing, their gender can be distinguished as male and female. On the left side of the central body, the role of a small human body with a strange face of incomplete creation is depicted. Between the central man and the body on the left, the motif of a bird with its head turned back and a multi- petaled flower, possibly a lotus, can be seen.
The Role of a High-Ranking Lady
One of the motifs of the plate shows the role of a high-ranking lady sitting on a chair. The high-ranking lady is probably a symbol of the gods believed by the people of the third and fourth centuries due to the presence of two pointed two-branched wings on her shoulders. It seems that the goddess with the rhyton in her hand is probably one of the gods associated with water.
A High-Ranking Man
The motif of a high-ranking man depicted on a Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze plate attributed to Neyshabur, like the motif of the goddess, is probably a symbol of the gods believed by the people of the third and fourth centuries due to the presence of two pointed two-branched wings on the shoulders. The male god is probably related to the water gods because he is next to the water goddess Anahita.
Plant Motifs
The lotus flower is called Abzad flower or the flower of life and creation in Farsi. Since this flower is related to water and in ancient traditions, the lotus flower was considered to be sacred and related to Anahita. Illustrated plant motifs on a Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze plate attributed to Nishapur, the plant pattern of the seat of the female deity, as well as the plant motifs around the body of the male deity and the ten-petaled flower between the male deity and a small human body by comparing the actual sample of the bud and the lotus flower and the obvious similarity with It is probably a symbol of the lotus flower.
Bird
On a Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze plate, the motif of a bird is drawn above the head of the male deity and the motif of a small human with his head turned back. The bird is probably a rooster symbol due to the tail, several feathers on the body and also the crown on the head.
A Small Human Body
A small human body with a strange, imperfectly formed face, with eyes stretched vertically downwards, with open hands around him and a mouth on his cheek. to inspire a symbolic concept of him to the viewer. The small human role cannot be interpreted with the myth of Tishtar and Anahita; because there is no mention of its identity in opposition to the above gods in historical texts. Inevitably, in order to identify the identity of the small human role that can be referred to as the missing link and in the archetypes of the water myth, it was investigated in the geographical context of the production of Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze pottery attributed to Nishapur in the Khorasan region.
Conclusion
The result of the analyzes that were carried out in line with the proposed questions was that the scene of the celebration depicted on the plate was probably the narrator of the ritual ceremony related to water and rain among the people of the 3rd and 4th centuries in Nishapur. This result was obtained by identifying the patterns of the components of the plate with historical evidence and ethno-archaeological studies. Which could be identified with the identification of two human roles using historical texts with two wings and symbols such as lotus flower, rhyton, and cow horn hat. They were the gods Tishtar and Anahita. For the identification of the small human body with an ugly face, which gave the viewer a superhuman personality, the results of ethno-archaeological studies were also used by following its archetype in myths; Because she was assumed to be an ugly doll and also because she was placed next to the beautiful gods Anahita and Tishtar, she was matched with the ugly Qazak Chuli doll or the Opush demon in the Khorasan region with the ritual ceremony of asking for rain. The rooster is also depicted in opposition to the gods Anahita and Tishtar, and the doll symbolizing the demon Opush, a symbol of Sorush, which destroys the demonic forces of Opush. Therefore, according to the identification of motifs and their symbolic interpretation, the theme of the illustrated illustration on a Polychrome decoration under transparent glaze plate is related to the ritual ceremony of asking for rain in the 3rd and 4th centuries during a celebration that was accompanied by music and joy. The living manifestation of this archetype is the ritual ceremony of Choli Qazak among the people of Khorasan region in search of rain. The people of Khorasan in the seasons of drought and lack of rain make dolls that have been passed down from their fathers to them during ritual ceremonies with instruments and drums. And they ask for rain from the water gods with joy and enthusiasm.
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