حکمت و عرفان اسلامی و مسئلۀ پیشرفت تمدن و فرهنگ (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مسئلة رکود یا عدم پیشرفت فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی و علل آن، از مسائل اصلی ای است که روشنفکران مسلمان به انحای مختلف، آن را عنوان و شرح و بسط داده اند. به نظر اکثر آنان، مانع اصلی این امر حکمت و عرفان اسلامی است که اجازه نداده است کشورهای اسلامی همچون کشورهای موسوم به غربی پیشرفت کنند. آنچه در این گفتار بررسی و سنجش می شود، ذکر عوامل مشهور از قبیل علمی، اجتماعی، سیاسی و جغرافیایی مؤثر که معمولاً در گسترش تمدن و فرهنگ مورد توجه است، نیست؛ بلکه تحقیق و بررسی و شرح و توضیح این مسئله است که اوّلاً، مفاهیم پیشرفت و تمدن و فرهنگ از مفاهیم بی سابقه و مدرن است که مسبوق به مبادی فکری خاصی (مدرن) است که فقط ابتدا در اروپا پیدا شد و گسترش یافت و لذا سابقه ای در هیچ یک از تمدن و تفکر اقوام غیر اروپایی، و از جمله اسلامی، حتی در قرون وسطای مسیحی ندارد. طرحی نو است که در تاریخ غربی عالم انداخته شده و اصولاً نه حکمت و عرفان اسلامی و مسیحی و نه چینی و هندی در بروز آن مانع و رادع نبوده اند؛ ثانیاً، حکیمان و عارفان مسلمان هیچ گاه با علم و دانایی مقابله نکرده و بلکه برعکس، در دورة قبل از مدرن، منشأ و مقوّم آنچه در دورۀ مدرن فرهنگ و تمدن خوانده می شود؛ مثلاً در عالم اسلام، همین حکمت و عرفان آنان بوده است. بدین منظور، در ضمن مفاهیم اصلی مورد نظر، مثل تمدّن و فرهنگ و پیشرفت، تعریف و تاریخ پیدایش آنها بیان می شود.Islamic philosophy and Mysticism and the Issue of the Development of Civilization and Culture
The issue of stagnation or lack of progress in Islamic culture and civilization and its causes is one of the main issues that modern Muslim intellectuals have addressed and elaborated from various perspectives. Most of them believe that the main obstacle is Islamic philosophy(hekmat) and mysticism, which have hindered the progress of Islamic countries compared to the so-called Western countries. This research does not focus on the well-known factors such as scientific, social, political and geographical factors that are usually relevant for the development of civilization and culture. Rather, it investigates and analyzes this issue by arguing that the concepts of progress, civilization and culture are novel and modern concepts that are based on specific (modern) philosophical principles that originated and spread in Europe and have no precedent in any civilization and thought of non-European peoples, including Islam, even in the Christian Middle Ages. It is a novel initiative that was launched in the Western world history, and in essence, neither Islamic, Christian, nor Chinese or Indian wisdom and mysticism have obstructed its emergence. Contrary to what is claimed, in the pre-modern era, the source and basis of what is called culture and civilization in the modern era, for example in the Islamic world, were their wisdom and mysticism. To do this, the article first provides the historical background of the advocates of this opinion, who saw themselves as religious reformers or the so-called Islamic Protestants, such as Sayyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi. It also explains the history of the main concepts of this opinion, namely civilization, culture and progress, in the modern Western thought and their novelty in the non-modern thought and among the predecessors. It deals with the teachings of the great mystic Rumi as the one who is wrongly labeled as an opponent of science.The article also gives some examples of how the views of two Muslim philosophers, one from the west, Ibn Rushd, and the other from the east, Mirfenderski, could have contributed to the emergence of modern science and technology among Muslims, but they did not. The study concludes that this opinion and judgment is fundamentally flawed and is mainly due to the lack of comprehension of the foundations and principles of modern thought and secondly, Islamic philosophy and mysticism.
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