تقابل میان مفهوم کنشگر هانا آرنت و دازاین خودتنهاپنداشته شدۀ هایدگری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هانا آرنت، متفکرسیاسی برجستۀ قرن بیستم، در آرائش دربارۀ ارتباط وثیق پراکسیس و غلبه بر تمامیت خواهی که آن را محصول از خودبیگانگی، انفعال و انزوای انسان مدرن می داند، مسیری متمایز از استادش مارتین هایدگر پیموده است. آرنت به شیوه ای پدیدارشناسانه به تحلیلی تاریخی دست می زند تا وضع بشر را از دوران پیشاسقراطی تا کنون، مورد بررسی قرار داده و نقش تقابلی نظر و عمل را در شکل گیری این وضعیت تبیین کند. پرواضح است که او در این مسیر، همانند هایدگر به نقد سنت متافیزیک غربی پرداخته باشد؛ اما آرنت برخلاف هایدگر که بر انکشافِ هستی دازاین به مثابۀ آشکارگی حقیقت تأکید می کند، از «وجود» به «نمود» سوی گردانی کرده و انکشاف را در آشکارگی کیستی عمل ورز که از طریق دو نمود عمل و گفتار در ساحت عمومی رخ می نماید، مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. آرای آرنت با تأکید بر لزوم حضور انسان ها و هم کنشی شان در سپهر متکثر همگانی به منظور برون رفت از بحران تمامیت خواهی، ازخودبیگانگی و غربت از کرۀ ارض، در تقابل با آنچه وی دازاین خود تنها انگاشته شدۀ هایدگری نامیده قرار گرفته و به بوتۀ نقد کشیده شده است. دازاینی که به عقیدۀ آرنت گرچه در-عالم-بودن است، اما غرق شدن در کثرت همبودهای خویش را عامل هرزه درایی و سقوط به زیستنی متوسط و بی اصالت می پندارد و از این رو زیستنی خداگونه و مثالی را در تفرد خویش ارحج می داند.The Contrast Between the Concept of Hannah Arendt's Actor and Heideggerian Solipsistic Dasein
The twentieth-century prominent political thinker, Hannah Arendt, has gone through a very different course from his master, Martin Heidegger, in presenting her viewpoints on the correlation between political action (praxis) and overcoming totalitarianism. Applying a phenomenological analysis of history, she surveys the human condition from the pre-Socratic era to now in order to illuminate this correlation. As a political existentialist, Arendt presumes that the privation of true political philosophy throughout the history of Western metaphysical tradition is the consequence of trivializing the necessity of action in general and praxis in particular compared to the centrality of speculation in post-Socratic tradition, especially Platonic school. According to Arendt, pre-Socratic Polis is the ideal political community, where the uniqueness of individuals -represented through their speech and action- is celebrated while being with "the others"; however, speculation in seclusion has become far more authentic than action in public after Socrates' trial. No need to mention Heidegger’s influential impact on Arendt's critical approach to Western metaphysical tradition; however, she emphasizes the disclosure of the actors’ “who” through action and speech in the public sphere, contrary to Heidegger’s disclosure of Dasein as “Aletheia” or the revelation of the truth. To phrase it, Arendt is switching over “being” to “appearance” which is manifested in action and speech in her thought. Her emphasis on man’s presence and his interaction with the others in the plurality of the public sphere to liberate from the crisis of twentieth-century totalitarianism and alienation stands in contrast to the extravagant egoism and solipsism of Heideggerian Dasein that have been recognized and criticized by Arendt herself. The one which is albeit known as being-in-the-world according to Arendt, but it is considered as inauthentic if being presented in the plurality of Mitsein (being-with), having an “Idle Talk” with them and consequently falling into everydayness. Therefore, Dasein prefers to remain an “ideal self” in isolation and seclusion according to Arendt.Arendt maintains that Heidegger's observation of Dasein as an "ideal self" is no way dissimilar to the post-Socratic man of speculation, who is engaged in noetic thinking in his privacy, the attitude that has diminished action in favor of reflection all through the Western metaphysical tradition. Mentioning the crisis of the twentieth-century totalitarianism in Nazi Germany, Stalinist Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, Arendt critically assumes that ontological egoism and solipsism have eliminated politics and successively prepared the ground for the rise of the mentioned crisis, whereas totalitarianism seeks atomized and disjointed societies. Applying a descriptive- analytic methodology, the present research attempts to compare Arendt's and Heidegger's standpoints towards the above concern and elucidates Arendt's criticism of Heidegger in clearing the crisis of totalitarianism. It also adverts Arendt's solution to exhaust the mentioned crisis, "love of the world", which creates the necessary impulsion and stimulus to overcome solipsism and triggers acting in public sphere, according to Arendt.
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