تحلیل فضایی ابعاد مسکن پایدار شهری مبتنی بر رویکرد اقتصاد سیاسی فضا، مطالعه موردی: شهر کرمانشاه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فرآیند رشد و توسعه شهرنشینی کشور به شدت متأثر از رویکرد اقتصاد سیاسی است که این توسعه به عنوان یک پدیده برون زا و بر پایه رشد خدمات شکل گرفته است که به هیچ وجه ادامه شهرنشینی تاریخی آن نیست. در این پژوهش با تحلیل فضایی ابعاد مسکن پایدار شهری، وضعیت کمی و کیفی مسکن در سطح کلان شهر کرمانشاه بررسی خواهد شد. این پژوهش با توجه به ماهیت داده ها و عدم امکان کنترل رفتار متغیرهای مؤثر در م سئله، از ن وع غیرتجرب ی ب وده و در چارچوب الگوی تحلیلی موردی انجام شده است. به منظور تحلیل الگوی مسکن پایدار در سطح شهر و مناطق 8 گانه شهر کرمانشاه از تکنیک پیمایش بلوک آماری و ابزار پرسشنامه در ۳ بعد پایداری کالبدی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی مشتمل بر ۴۰ گویه استفاده شده است. نتایج پایداری ابعاد سه گانه بر اساس آزمون t نشان می دهد که از میان 5 مؤلفه مورد ارزیابی بعد کالبدی، 2 مؤلفه ناپایدار و ۳ مؤلفه تا حدی پایدار بوده اند. همچنین از میان 6 مؤلفه بعد اقتصادی، 2 مؤلفه ناپایدار و 4 مؤلفه دارای وضعیت تا حدی پایدار بوده اند. و درنهایت از میان 5 مؤلفه مورد ارزیابی بعد اجتماعی، ۲ مؤلفه پایدار، ۲ مؤلفه تا حدی پایدار و ۱ مورد ناپایدار بوده است. مقدار شاخص Z-score در توزیع خوشه های کم زیاد (163751/2-) منفی و مقدار شاخص موران (031042/0) مثبت است؛ نشان می دهد که شکاف آشکاری میان مناطق شهری کرمانشاه ازلحاظ پایداری شاخص های کمی و کیفی مسکن وجود دارد که می توان به سه بافت جدید، میانی و قدیم تقسیم بندی کرد. با توجه به روند گسترش کالبدی شهر کرمانشاه به صورت شمال شرقی جنوب غربی، و دو محور شرقی غربی، مناطق نیمه شرقی شهر با بافت نسبتاً جدید محل زندگی طبقات متوسط، بالا و نواحی منطبق با محلات قدیم و بافت میانی با امتیازات اجتماعی و کالبدی خاص که نسبت به نیمه جنوبی و شمال غربی از طیف وسیعی برخوردار است. همچنین تفاوت های فضایی الگوی مسکن پایدار حاکی از آن است که مناطق 1، 2، 8 و 6 دارای وضعیت ناپایدار، مناطق 7 و 5 وضعیت تا حدی پایدار و مناطق ۳ و ۴ دارای وضعیت پایدار بوده اند.Spatial Analysis of the Sustainable Urban Housing Dimensions with Space Political Economy Approach, Case study: Kermanshah City
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Political economy examines the quality of the geographical distribution of capital, housing and income, services, the share of the public and private sectors in economic programs, and the unequal allocation of resources between urban and rural areas. Achieving the desired housing situation in urban and rural areas is considered one of the indicators of socio-economic development in the world. Hence the issue of housing is at the beginning of a significant transformation; If the housing quality crisis has overcome its quantity. As the ninth-largest city in Iran, Kermanshah metropolis has faced severe physical and demographic development and various types of intra-ethnic migration during the last two decades. Based on the evidence, the existence of a gap in the quality of housing construction in different areas and neighborhoods of the city and the occurrence of marginalization clearly shows the failure of housing planning and distribution of facilities and services in this city. Accordingly, in this study, while evaluating the quantitative and qualitative status of housing, the following question is addressed:
-What are the most important dimensions affecting the status of sustainable housing and its spatial reflections?
Methodology
Due to the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, this research is non-experimental and has been done in the framework of a case-study model. The statistical block survey technique has been used to analyze the pattern of sustainable housing in the city and the eight districts of Kermanshah. The questionnaire was used in three dimensions of physical, economic, and social sustainability consisting of 40 items. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Kermanshah metropolis. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, which equals 384 people whose sampling method was random and based on household-housing sampling. To study the quantitative and qualitative status, the statistical block and residential use data of Kermanshah metropolis and documents mentioned above, including a comprehensive and detailed plan in Arc GIS environment and spatial analysis tools including spatial statistics methods, have been used.
Results and discussion
Based on the results, a positive and significant spatial coefficient is obtained, which means that the proximity of zones 1, 3, and 4 has a positive effect on the development of sustainable housing. The physical index also had a positive and significant impact on housing. Increasing the economic index means reducing investment constraints. In addition, as an investment in a region's housing sector grows, the demand for housing increases. Therefore, raising the investment rate in the infrastructure sector has positively affected housing demand and increased quality. Also, the social index has had a positive effect on demand; In this way, the mutual demand between the two places leads to the formation of housing quality preferences and can reduce the costs of economic development of housing. Also, the financial and economic index has had a positive and significant effect on housing quality and sustainability. In fact, by creating added value, reducing costs and prices, financing from the market, on the one hand, increasing productivity, and adjusting the tax rate in the destination region, on the other hand, improves the volume of savings and, consequently, investment in the region. The intrinsic and situational index has had a positive and significant effect on housing demand and economic prosperity. This means that the geographical focus of activity and the market size has been a determining factor in housing demand and increased brokerage in the region.
The Z-score index results showed a clear gap between the urban areas of Kermanshah in terms of stability of quantitative and qualitative housing indicators that can be divided into three new, middle, and old textures. The final results of the research evaluation, considering the most critical dimensions of sustainable housing and the most important spatial differences in forming sustainable housing models between urban areas, show that the components of physical, economic, and then social dimensions were the most important. Also, the spatial differences of the sustainable housing model indicate that regions 1, 2, 8, and 6 have an unstable condition, regions 7 and 5 have a somewhat stable condition, and regions 3 and 4 have a stable condition.
Conclusion
Developing a theoretical model and studying the effect of urban governance structure on urban policy in Kermanshah is one of the essential needs related to the dominant production method and related factors. Also, due to the instability of the components of energy saving in the physical dimension, the financial affordability of the households in the economic dimension and the impact of employment on the prosperity of the housing market, as well as the instability of housing security in the social dimension. So, it is suggested that in the renovation of worn-out structures and new residential development, the indigenous model and housing architecture appropriate to the city's climatic conditions should be used, as well as the observance of building construction regulations as much as possible. Regarding the level of households finances, comprehensive studies should be conducted on the economic situation of urban areas. Regarding the impact of employment on the housing market boom, it seems that the approach of political economy and brokerage in the housing market has caused a false bubble in prices and also reduced construction following the reduction of demand and the exponential trend of price growth in recent years, which needs serious attention of government and oversight of the housing sector. Due to the instability and problems in the field of social security of housing and problems related to various crimes, it is suggested that in the areas and neighborhoods of the city, given the current situation of neighborhoods, the presence of police patrols and increase and improve the environmental design approach to be considered with the occurrence of a crime.
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