Sanandaj

Traditional bazaars have been at the center of tourism attractions in the world and regardless of the passage of time and change in culture and people’s life, it has preserved its status. This paper aims to recognize the values, concepts and the inner meanings in bazaars of Kurdistan. In the case study of bazaars of Sananadaji and Asef located in Sanandaj and Qeisar-I Naqib bazaar located in Sulaymaniyah a pattern is presented to determine the main effective components on sense-making along with tourism development. For this purpose, qualitative-quantitative research methodology has been employed. In qualitative part of the research, some interviews with 16 experts have been conducted, and by applying open coding method, 105 keywords have been recognized and derived, which ends up creating a 74-question questionnaire in eight components. The questionnaire has been standardized by applying content validity and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and was distributed among people by applying Cochran sample size determination and stratified sampling, and considering the optimum allocation of 190 Persian questionnaires among the people in Sanandaj bazaar and 40 Kurdish questionnaires among people in Sulaymaniyah bazaar. The results of confirmatory factor analysis led to recognize five components; they were 38 percent of the total variance coverage. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the final model based on the components was confirmed. Among those components, emotional-perceptual and technical-physical components with the highest factor loading have been recognized as the most effective components of sense-making in the aforementioned bazaars along with tourism development.

Purpose: Achieving a sustainable livelihood and improving the quality of life is one of the basic goals of rural development programs. The research aims to identify the key components of job creation in rural communities with emphasis on handicrafts and workshops in the rural areas of Sanandaj.Dsidn/methodology/approach: Continuous droughts and economic sanctions and lack of rational planning have doubled the spread of poverty and deprivation in the rural areas of Kurdistan province. Descriptive-analytical and semi-structured field research. The survey method is to use the Delphi technique to identify and determine the type of activities.Finding: The results showed three priorities for creating employment in the rural areas of Sanandaj. The first priority with 9 types of job-creating activities in the field of local handicrafts such as backgammon, greenhouse production, local bread production, cultivation of medicinal plants, dry fruits, making musical instruments, clothing production, etc. with more than 83% of opinions in favor of the second priority With 10 types of employment-generating activities in the field of packaging garden products, workshops for the production of spirits, dried fruits, packaging agricultural products. Third priority with 5 types of job creation activities in the field of block making workshop, saffron production, tomato paste production with 55 to 69 percent agreement. In order to achieve the development of job creation in the villages, it is suggested to create educational platforms in the field of skill enhancement, create low-interest and long-term facilities, and provide spiritual support of government institutions.

This article presents a case study exploring the intersection of tradition and innovation in Pahlavi II architecture, focusing on buildings from the Pahlavi II period in Sanandaj. The research investigates incorporating traditional spaces and introducing innovative design approaches during this architectural period. By analyzing the added and removed spaces compared to the traditional period, the study seeks to identify the key factors influencing the transformation of architectural features. The research methodology involves site visits, interviews with architectural experts and residents, and archival research to gather data on the architectural design choices and motivations. The findings reveal a harmonious integration of traditional and innovative spaces in Pahlavi II buildings in Sanandaj. The analysis of added and removed spaces sheds light on the dynamic nature of architectural evolution, providing insights into the influence of cultural and historical factors on design decisions. The study highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage while embracing innovation and modernity in architectural design. It also emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to design that considers social, cultural, and environmental factors. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between tradition and innovation in Pahlavi II architecture and its impact on built environments. The research provides valuable insights for architects, designers, and policymakers seeking to create sustainable and culturally sensitive built environments.

The development of tourism in today's world can have various impacts, including economic, social and cultural impacts on the local community. Therefore, understanding residents' attitudes towards tourists is a key element in managing sustainable tourism. This study was conducted to find views, emotions and behaviors of Sanandaj residents towards tourists and how these views influence their behaviors. For this purpose, questionnaires containing scales on stereotypes, emotions and behaviors of residents towards tourists based on Tse and Tung's conceptual model were distributed among 400 residents of Sanandaj in November 2024 using convenience sampling. This research is applied and follows a quantitative approach, with data collected in a survey format. For analyzing the data, T-test, Regression, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis Tests were used. The results indicate that while residents hold positive feelings and attitudes towards tourists, such as being "friendly" and "sincere", there are also negative concerns, such as being "immoral" and "rude", which may stem from increased traffic and disruptions in daily life. Furthermore, regression analysis shows that the components of "immoral" and "uncivilized" have a significant effect on reluctance to assist tourists. Individuals with higher education and men tend to be more inclined towards positive interactions with tourists. The research findings can assist in managing host-tourist relationships and designing spaces for better interaction between them.