Insurer

We seek to determine the optimal amount of the insurer’s investment in all types of assets for a small and closed economy. The goal is to detect the implications and contributions the risk seeker and risk aversion insurer commonly make and the effectiveness in the investment decision. Also, finding the optimum portfolio for each is the main goal of the present study. To this end, we adopted the optimal asset-liability management (ALM) method to control the firm's risk of financial stability and growth by balancing the assets and liabilities of the firm. In the process, stochastic interest rates and inflation risks were taken into account according to the expected utility maximization framework. All assets were established and calculated by the Kalman Filter with the stochastic interest rate following the Hull-White model; an additional stochastic process models the inflation risk. To consider the stochastic process, we employed the geometric Brownian motion in the liability process to ensure a definite liability value. We chose Iran’s Social Security Organization as our sample insurer company since it has a portfolio of five types of assets and four types of liabilities, and operates in a small and closed economy. By Applying the ALM method with the stochastic control theory approach, we acquire the optimal investment strategies for insurers to minimize their risk. Our findings demonstrate the effects of model parameters, such as the degree of risk-taking on the insurer decision.

Objective: For all companies, particularly service businesses, one element that is of great significance is customer forgiveness. The major goal of this research was to ascertain how customer behavioral factors affected Iranian insurance insurers' willingness to forgive. Materials and Methods: In terms of research classification based on the goal of applied research, this study is a descriptive and survey. All Iranian insurance insurers in the Gilan province who have used Iran insurance services for at least two years make up the study's statistical population, and a sample size of 359 persons who were chosen using a non-probable selection approach was used. A questionnaire was utilized to gather the data for this research, and its content validity and construct validity were evaluated. The reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The data gathered from the survey was analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results: The findings of evaluating the study hypotheses revealed that, with the exception of the effects of empathy on consumer forgiveness and self- inferiority on consumer forgiveness, all of the research hypotheses were verified. Conclusion: According to the findings of Iranian insurance managers, it is recommended that customers' favorable impressions be reinforced via emotional connection, differentiated services, and improved service quality.