Categorization

The present study seeks to identify and prioritize the components and dimensions of e-commerce and categorize them as a comprehensive model by using the meta-synthesis method. In this research, total of 58 articles in the field of E-commerce was identified and examined in the first step. Latin articles were in the period of 1996 to 2017 and Persian articles were related to the period of 2001 to 2017. Finally, after three stages of the evaluation of articles, 29 articles remained. Then, based on the results of the meta-synthesis method and the use of open coding, three main fields and a number of subfields were found for the e-commerce variable. Also, at this stage, the initial data was also introduced in the form of a new subset and added to the comprehensive model by using the indexing, conceptualization and categorization method. The main fields of e-commerce included customer trust and satisfaction in e-commerce, the development and application of e-commerce and the success of e-commerce. Each of these main fields has a number of subfields. Suggestions are presented in accordance with the comprehensive model identified. The e-commerce model can be a good tool for decision making managers and decision-makers, and should be used as a basis for future research.

This paper examines the differences between two types of categorization and then the use of conventional metaphor and metonymy and their relationship among Persian-speaking Iranians. Recent studies on categorization show that Persian speakers, similar to the Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese, categorize based on thematic relationships, unlike the European Americans who categorize based upon taxonomic relations. These studies have shown that Eastern Asians, with regard to categorization, act on the syntagmatic axis and the units in the context, and Westerners act upon the paradigmatic axis. Therefore, the hypothesis was put forth that these different cognitive functions are also represented in the application of metaphor and metonymy that is, those who use the category-based classification are more likely to use metaphors, and those who are inclined to use the relationship-based categorization tend more toward using metonymy. Examining the Persian corpus of 30,000 sentences confirmed this hypothesis. Persian speakers, who categorize based on relationships, use metonymy, which works on syntagmatic axis and based on the contiguity of two things, more than metaphor, which is based on the similarity and paradigmatic relation between two entities. The present study confirms this fact again that cognition is not the same in all human beings.

The present study aims at investigating English lexicon polysemy within the cognitive approach to study the way based on which Persian language learners learn English lexicon with the concepts used in cognitive linguistics such as, prototype, polysemy, categorization, etc. The nature of the methodology used in this qualitative research for studying the meanings of English lexicon is a descriptive-analytic method. After the semantic analysis of the English lexicon based on the model of Dirven & Verspoor (2004), it was found that the meanings of the lexicon are classifiable based on theoretical procedures on cognitive semantics. The authors are trying to show the cognitive concepts in cognitive linguistics can be used for teaching English lexicon. The findings, generally, showed that the unconscious knowledge of learners in learning the cognitive structure of the meanings of the lexicon has a meaningful relationship with learning. The results also revealed that the lexicon has a semantic network semantically, in which the notion of core or prototype is located in the center of the semantic network and the rest of the meanings can be examined as the peripheral meanings of a lexicon.