مطالب

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of public service and leadership on giving meaning to life and community participation in village development in Jambi Province, for this purpose, the villages of Jambi province in Indonesia were examined as a case study. METHOD AND FINDING : FINDING: This research was conducted using quantitative and descriptive methods. Based on this, data obtained by using a questionnaire to the respondents as many as 277 people. Determination of the research sample using area sampling technique, from the district, sub-district and village levels. Also, data were analyzed using multiple regression statistical techniques. CONCLUSION : The results showed that the public service variable had a significant effect on community participation in village development. The leadership variable also has a significant effect on giving meaning to life and community participation in villages development. Therefore and Simultaneously, the variables of public service and leadership have a significant effect on giving meaning to life and community participation in villages development. Accordingly, it is recommended to the government to improve public services both in quantity and quality and show democratic leadership in order to further increase community participation in giving meaning to life and villages development.

Animal remains from Taghiabad in the Varamin plain are analyzed, conducted in 2018. This site is located north of Taghiabad and south of Ajorbast villages, Javadabad district in Varamin town. All the excavated bones are of animal origin, and no human bones have been retrieved. This site dates back to the Iron and Bronze ages; in this study, we deal with Bronze Age. Two hills were excavated, which are referred to as Taghiabad 1 and 2. Taghiabad 1 relates to the recent and middle Bronze Ages, containing ten loci (Seven loci of the Late and three loci of the Middle Bronze Age, respectively), and Taghiabad 2 contains three loci of the Late Bronze Age. Burning and cutmarks were found on some of the bones, which cutmarks might be secondary to butchery. This study is based on field, and lab studies on animals remain retrieved from these two hills (Taghiabad 1 and Taghiabad 2). Results show that sheep, goat, cattle, gazelle, equid, deer, and canine in Taghiabad 1 and sheep, cattle, gazelle, and small carnivorous in Taghiabad 2 are the most prevalent findings. The people’s primary sources of meat supplies were sheep, goats, and cattle.

The tradition of burial, so-called interment, is one of the most prominent manifestations of man›s long-standing view of death. Although this tradition has a very long history, it has witnessed many changes and ups and downs along its path till now. The study of these developments can reveal various political, social, environmental, cultural, and religious aspects of different ethnic groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate other elements of cemetery emergence in the prehistoric period of Iran and identify the factors affecting the occurrence of this phenomenon as a public space for the burial of bodies outside the sites. This research data has been collected through library studies and according to archaeological, anthropological, and sociological evidence. Data analysis shows that, firstly, in prehistoric times, at a glance, no specific factor could be considered for the emergence of cemeteries. Because the time and nature of the formation of cemeteries in regions of Iran are different and have gone through a completely different process, instead of asking a general question, the following question should be considered: what are the factors affecting the formation of cemeteries? Factors influencing the formation of cemeteries should be regarded in their context and geographical location because most of them do not offer a single perspective, and each one is created with specific meanings and goals. The findings also indicate various geographical, environmental, economic, political, and social reasons for the emergence and evolution of cemeteries.